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Energy Metabolism: Respiration (Alternatives: Respiration in Prokaryotes…
Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Types of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Facultatively aerobes
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose is broken down through glycolysis.
Leads to lactate to form lactic acid,
Fermentation
Obligate Anaerobes
Strict Anaerobes
Facultatively Anaerobes
Plants and People: Fungal Respiration
Used to add fungi to milk to preserve it.
Used yeast in bread to keep the hard and dry grains of wheat, soft.
Alternatives: Respiration in Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes extract energy from inorganic compounds.
Electron Donors release electrons for a reaction to occur.
Electron Acceptors receive electrons for a reaction to occur.
Some compounds can be both acceptors and donors. This depends on the presence of water.
Photoautotrophs
Conventional Heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Oxygen is usually used as an acceptor when available but lithotrophic autotrophs use carbon dioxide.
Lithotrophic heterotrophs use sulphur and organic compounds.
Glycolysis
Happens in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
The Citric Acid Cycle
Ultimately breaks down excess pyruvate into ATP's.
Plants Do Things Differently
Heat-Generating Respiration
Plants generate heat in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
This heat. is not advantageous like it is in humans.
Heat generating respiration is called cyanide-resistant respirations or thermogenic respiration.
Lipids are broken down into fatty acids then converted to acetyl COA through B-oxidation.
Photorespiration-occurs when carboxylase adds oxygen.
Temperature effects the rate of respiration.
Lack of oxygen: plants need less oxygen concentration than humans because they are not active.
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
4 ATP
Glucose-6-phosphate
pyruvate to acetyl COA
Beer
Can not drive with .08%
Lethal at .4%
Starch
Corn
barley
Rice
