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Research Method (Types of Observation (*criticism: researcher bias…
Research Method
Types of Observation
Naturalistic = investigation in a natural environment, where the researcher has no control over who participates or the situation.
Controlled = Part of an experiment as they happen in a environment that the researcher can control and the participates are pre-selected.
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Structured = the behaviors that will be observed are operationalized. A limited number of pre-determined and well defined behaviors will be observed. Could use time-sampling and event sampling.
Unstructured = observer notes what they see e.g. common, important and unusual things.
Participant observation = Researcher often joins the group they are studying or at least interacts with them. It s usually naturalistic and covert and involves the researcher recording the data as they interact with the participants.
Non-participant observation = researcher observes the participants from a distance e.g. watching through a one-way mirror or using a video camera.
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Experimental design
1.Independent Measure Design:There is a different group of participants for each condition of the independent variable.Each participant only participates in one condition of the IV.
- Repeat Measure Design:
Each participant participates in all condition of the IV.
- Matched-Pair Design
Each participant only participates in one condition of the IV like an independent group design. However, participates are put into pairs with people with similar characteristics with each other.
*operationalization is a process of defining the measurement of a phenomenon that is not directly measurable, though its existence is indicated by other phenomena.
Correlation
Correlation means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related.
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Validity and Reliability
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Validity
1.definition
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-In an experiment, this means that only the IV causes the change in the DV.
If a study has high external validity it means the results can be applied to other people and other cultures.
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Reliability
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Assessing reliability
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Inter-Rater Reliability involves two or more researchers rating an observation or the contents of an interview (qualitative data). The researchers then compare their ratings. The researchers may then see if their results correlate with each other. If the two or more researchers’ results are consistently similar then the results are considered to be reliable.
Types of experiment
An experiment is a method used in science to test whether or not a theory (thought) is true. It involves changing one thing (IV), keeping everything else this same (control) and taking measurements (DV). This allows the person doing the experiment to see the effect this one variable has on the measurement.
variables
Independent variable (IV) = the variable that is being changed (this is the variable the experimenter thinks will effect the measurements).
Dependent Variable (DV) = the variable that is measured (the measurement change depends on changes to the IV)
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Control variable = a variable that has been controlled by the experiment so it does not effect the results.
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Sampling participants
volunteer
ppt are invited to the study thru ads via email or notices. 2. Those replies becomes the sample. “Respond to the advert”
random
- all members of the population are allocated numbers and a fixed amount of them are selected in a unbiased way.
opportunity
- Ppt are chosen because they are available. 2. Eg. University Students.
Sampling methods
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Time Sampling: the duration of the observation is first decided. It is then divided into intervals. The behavior performed by the participant is defined for each interval
Aims and hypothesis
An aim identifies the purpose of the investigation. It is a straightforward expression of what the researcher is trying to find out from conducting an investigation.
A hypothesis is statement of prediction. Predicts the relationship between the variables in the experiment or correlation.
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Self-report
1.Questionnaires:-usually a paper and pen test, however it could be online, no interaction between the participant and the researcher, more often than not questions are closed and assessed using rating scales with a standardized way of assessing the data
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2.Interviews: a research method using verbal questions asked directly, typically face-to-face
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Ethical issues
Problems in research that raise concerns 2. about the welfare of ppt (3. or may have a negative impact on society) [4. Aspects of the procedure 5. nature of study.]
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