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Discuss the extent to which attempts to manage cultural and demographic…
Discuss the extent to which attempts to manage cultural and demographic inequalities have proved successful. (15 marks) - London
Inequality is measured using the GINI INDEX - measures how far income distribution within a country deviates from perfect equality:
- Index rating of 0% = perfect equality
- A rating of 100% = perfect inequality
Low-income households = Those earning 60% or less of median household income, after housing costs have been deducted
Inequality in London
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2011 - London School of Economics (LSE) published a report into London's poverty:
- Of all 12 standard UK economic regions London had the highest proportion of households in the top 10% incomes and the highest proportion un the bottom 10%
- Inequality in London grew during the economic boom between 1997 and 2008 - incomes of its wealthiest grew but London's overall poverty remained unchanged
As London has become more diverse, its inequality has increased, due to three factors:
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Poverty and Low Pay
37% of employed men worked in low-skilled low-pay occupations in 2011 - higher among certain ethnic groups - 50% of men of Pakistani, Black African and Bangladeshi ethnicity worked in such jobs
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Tackling Inequality
Since the 1980s the UK government used regeneration projects to deliver improvements in wealth - the theory is that they create jobs - regenerated areas should see increased incomes and falling inequality
Levels of Income
Three boroughs have all undergone regeneration at different times in the recent past with mixed results:
BARKING AND DAGENHAM: once one of Londons largest manufacturing boroughs until Ford and Sanofi closed many of their production factories there. Regeneration is taking place to deliver housing on industrial brownfield sites .
TOWER HAMLETS: one of London's poorest boroughs despite it containing Canary Wharf - most of those working in Canary Wharf live outside the area and the redevelopment has generated few local jobs
NEWHAM: hosted the 2012 Olympic games can contains most of the new Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park - contains the new Westfeild Shopping Centre which generated 10,000 jobs - retail jobs tend to be part time , seasonal and low-paid.
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