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Energy Metabolism (Factors (Oxygen (availability (roots (rain (anoxia (no…

- - - - higher respiration rate
      - between 5 and 25 degrees celcius
      - adequate O2 diffusion
    - - slows rate down
      - below 5 degrees C
      - above 40 degrees C
      - not enough O2 in tissues
  - - - atmosphere has high concentration
        
        demand lowered
    - - roots
        
        rain
        
        hypoxia
        
        less O2
        
        anoxia
        
        no O2
        
        Rice
        
        can grow without
        
        death
        
        to much rain
        
        causes soil air disruption
        
        Flooding
        
        to much rain causes death
        
        damages roots
        
        anaerobic respiration
        
        survival for short period
      - Special cases
        
        Tubers & Bulky Roots
        
        potatoes (tubers)
        
        aerobic or anaerobic
        
        not well established
        
        Carrots (root)
        
        Beets (root)
        
        Sapwood & Cambium Trees
        
        hypoxic
        
        long diffusion path
        
        no intercellular spaces
        
        fruits & seeds
        
        embryos
        
        anaerobic respiration
  - - - High respiration rate
        
        active metabolism
        
        glands
        
        fruit maturation
      - Low respiration rate
        
        meristematic cells
        
        seeds
        
        respiratory inhibitors
        
        dormant
        
        no respiration
        
        mesophyll
        
        collenchyma
- - - - 2 ATP
      - 2 NADH
        
        2-3 more ATP
        
        mitochondria
    - - NADH
      - 2 pyruvates
        
        6 ATP
    - - 6 NADH
      - 2 FADH2
      - original glucose molecule
        
        2 ATP
      - 24 ATP
  - - - drawn off
        
        Anabolic metabolism
        
        2 NADPH
      - not drawn off
        
        continue to cycle
        
        Carbon oxidized to carbon oxide
        
        6 NADPH
      - NADPH
        
        cellular reduction
        
        nitrate to aminos
        
        sulfates to sulfhydryls
        
        carbohydrates to fats
        
        not consumed
        
        protons to ETC
        
        2 ATP
- - - - higher proof
        
        distilled
        
        heat
        
        raises alcohol concentration
        
        removes water
        
        addition of alcohol
      - types
        
        beer
        
        fermentation of starchy cereal grains
        
        barley
        
        most common
        
        wheat
        
        corn
        
        rice
        
        Sake
        
        technically a beer
        
        1 more item...
        
        fungus
        
        2 more items...
        
        steamed cooked
        
        fermented a month
        
        yeast
        
        2 more items...
        
        alcohol addition
        
        2 more items...
        
        hops
        
        Humulus lupulus
        
        reduces sweetness
        
        add bitter tatse
        
        lagers & pilsners
        
        Saccharomyces cerevisiae
        
        bottom fermentation
        
        cool temperatures
        
        most beers in US
        
        3% to 6%
        
        pale lagers
        
        crisp taste
        
        ales
        
        Saccharomyces cerevisiae
        
        top fermentation
        
        warm temperatures
        
        esters
        
        light
        
        fruit like
        
        types
        
        brown
        
        pale
        
        porter
        
        light beers
        
        fewer calories
        
        less carbohydrates in mash
        
        starch to sugars
        
        higher alcohol concentration
        
        2 more items...
        
        wine
        
        fermented fruit juices
        
        grapes
        
        Vitis vinifera
        
        varieties of wine
        
        5 more items...
        
        elderberries
        
        peaches
        
        strawberries
        
        yeast added
        
        S. cerevisiae
        
        lots of sugars
        
        6000 BCE
        
        no oxygen
        
        O2 presence turns to vinegar
        
        aging
        
        oak barrels
        
        alter flavor
        
        alter aroma
        
        months or years
        
        spirits
        
        above 20%
        
        kills yeast
        
        added alcohol
        
        distillation
        
        boil
        
        ethanol evaporated
        
        1 more item...
        
        water left behind
        
        raises to only 95.6%
        
        191 proof
        
        types
        
        whiskeys
        
        2 more items...
        
        vodka
        
        2 more items...
        
        gin
        
        2 more items...
        
        Brandy
        
        1 more item...
        
        rum
        
        1 more item...
        
        tequila
        
        1 more item...
      - risks
        
        reduced focus
        
        DUI
        
        car wrecks
        
        death
        
        alcoholism
        
        liver damage
    - - starches
        
        glucosw
      - yeast
        
        dies at 18% concentration
      - sugars
- - - - Power metabolic processes
    - - Reducing Agent
      - High energy level
        
        oxidized to form ATP
      - Carries electrons to ETC
  - - - Requires oxygen
        
        Glycolysis
        
        Embden-Meyerhoff to pyruvate
        
        ATP
        
        NADH
        
        O2 present allows oxidation
        
        NAD+ allows continuation
        
        occurs in cytosol and plastids
        
        Citric Acid Cycle/ Kreb's
        
        Pyruvate
        
        broken down to ATP
        
        produces
        
        NADH
        
        FADH2
        
        Used to synthesize ATP
        
        ETC
        
        Mitochondrial inner membrane
        
        Produces
        
        ATP
        
        NADH & FADH2 reduced
        
        H2O
        
        Oxygen picks up protons
    - - Glucose broken down
        
        Glycolysis/ Embden-Meyerhoff
        
        produces
        
        2 ATP
        
        4 made
        
        2 consumed
        
        used in
        
        protein synthesis
        
        nucleic acid replication
        
        microtubule assembly
        
        ion transfer
        
        NADH
        
        reducing power
        
        nitrates and sulfates
        
        fatty acids
        
        pyruvate
        
        electron acceptor
        
        lactic acid
        
        plants and fungi
        
        1 more item...
    - - Citric and electron transport
        
        energy lost
        
        heat produced
        
        increased entropy
        
        examples
        
        compost piles
        
        breathing
        
        shivering
        
        Skunk cabbage
        
        Symplocarpus foetidus
        
        melts ice by producing heat
      - Thermogenic Respiratioin
    - - phosphorylated five carbon sugars
        
        pentose
      - Importance
        
        Synthetic pathway
        
        erythrose
        
        four-carbon sugar
        
        starting material
        
        lignin and anthocyanin pigments
        
        linin
        
        deposited by tissues
        
        3 more items...
        
        delivered to secondary wall
        
        anthocyanin
        
        flower petals
        
        bright colored fruits
        
        ribose
        
        five-carbon sugar
        
        nucleic acid metabolism
        
        RNA
        
        DNA
        
        Synthesis
        
        amino acids
        
        tyrosine
        
        phenylalanine
        
        tryptophan
    - - lipid storage
        
        found in
        
        tissues
        
        oily seeds
        
        apical meristems
        
        triglyceride or phospholipids
        
        B-oxidation
        
        acetyl CoA
        
        synthesis of carbohydrates
        
        citric acid cycle
        
        FADH2
        
        NADH
  - - - picked up by non respiratory enzyme
        
        forms
        
        fats
        
        nucleic acids
        
        amino acids
        
        ligin