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Geopoliticians (EUROPE (Ratzel (Treated space and location systematically…
Geopoliticians
EUROPE
Haushofer
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Continental pan regionalisM: Pan-America, Pan-Eur-Africa, and Pan-Asia designed to fulfill German national and imperial aims.
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Other contributors: Otto Maull, Erich Obst, Richard Henning, Ewald Banse, Albrecht Haushofer, Colin Ross.
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Ratzel
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Frontiers were the peripheral organs of states, reflecting growth and decline.
continental areas organized under a single government, states would generate vast political power.
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Mackinder
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His thoughts influenced: 1.Cold War US containment policy, 2.Post–Cold War American balance-of-power goals 3.Lord Curzon’s imperial strategies 4.-German Geopolitik 5.-Western containment strategies of the post World War ll era.
Was committed to cooperation among states. democratization of the Empire into a Commonwealth of nations, and preservation of small states.
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Kjellen
Geopolitics: as the “science of the state" and one of five major disciplines for understanding the state, political processes were spatially determined as primarily a science of war.
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Mahan
Eurasia: he most important component and Russia: dominant Asian land power. Also said that the northern land hemisphere: key to world power
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Mahan developed his geopolitical views as America’s frontier begun to look beyond its continental limits to a new role as a world power and predicted that an alliance of US, GB, Germany, and Japan would hold common cause against Russia and China
He considered the United States to be an outpost of European power and civilization, “blue water strategy”: influential in shaping US foreign policy during the McKinley and Roosevelt
Bowman
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Bowman’s new world: same map of the world, with attention to the sovereign interests and to a need for coordinated international action
His work helped to understand the problems that would develop by the creation of the general association of nations promoted by Woodrow Wilson.
League of Nations: didn’t believe that was the framework for a new world. He saw different leagues that wanted to decrease international conflicts.
State-centered
George Kennan
containing the expansionist tendencies of the Soviet Union, coining the expression
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Henry Kissinger
network that connected all parts of the world’s trouble spots to the Soviet Union and on the premise that American involvement in any single conflict needed to be viewed for its impact upon overall superpower balance.
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Brezinski
worldview based on the struggle between Eurasian land power and sea power. The key to containment and preventing Soviet world dominance lays in US control of "linchpin" states.
Linchpin states:He defined these by their geographical position, which enabled them to exert economic/military influence, or by their militarilygeostrategic locations.
ignored the innate geopolitical positions and strengths of China and India and surely under- estimated the costs of superpower alliances with weak and unstable regimes
Post Cold War
Francis Fukuyama: the passing of Marxism-Leninism and the triumph of Western liberal. Democracy and “free marketism” portended a universal, homogeneous state.
Robert Kaplan
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a world divided into the rich North and the poor South,
Political geopoliticians advocate projection of Western power into Central and Eastern Europe to weaken Russia’s heartland position at its western edge.
Samuel Huntington: fundamental sources of conflict in the world will not be ideological. Instead,
the great divisions will be cultural, and the fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines.
Neil Smith: the power of class, race, gender, and other hierarchical characteristics of capitalism remain the reality of society, which must be restructured. He holds that this should continue to be the focus of critical geographical analysis.
USA
Spykman
“rimland” theory: “Who controls the rimland rules Eurasia; who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world.”
alliance of Anglo-American sea power and Soviet land power could prevent Germany from seizing control of all the Eurasian shorelines and thereby gaining domination over World-Island.
Eurasian coastal lands:the keys to world control feared that a single power, such as Germany, might seize control of the European rimland.
The inadequacy of Spykman’s :no Eurasian rimland power is capable of organizing all of the rimland because of the vulnerability of the rimland to both the heartland and offshore powers.
George Renner:
The Arctic, as the pivotal world arena of movement, was the key to
heartland and therefore to world control.
Alexander de Seversky
his map: azimuthal equidistant projection centered on the North Pole. North America’s area of “air dominance”: Latin America
questionable conclusions: “air isolationism, “a unitary global view.
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Soviet Union’s area of air dominance: South and Southeast Asia and most of Africa's Southeast of the Sahara.
Universalistic
Chrone
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Pacific Ocean would become the future arena of confrontation for the USSR, the United States, and China.
Peter Taylor
presented power and politics within the context of a cyclical world economy in which nation- states and localities are fitted.
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Yves Lacoste linked geopolitics to ecology and broader
environmental issues, as well as to such matters as world poverty and resource exhaustion.