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Disease (Immune System (Specific immune response (B-cells (Another type of…
Disease
Immune System
Defends an organism against pathogens
Non-specific immune response
First line of defense
Cells
Phagocyte
Recognise, ingest and kill
Cytokines
Recognise and kill
Inflammatory response
Release chemical messengers that send cells to infected area
Specific immune response
Creates a memory of an invading pathogen
Antigen
Protein
Helper T-cells
Lymphocytes
Killer T-cells
B-cells
Another type of WBC
Memory
Neutralisation
Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogen
Binding prevents pathogens from attaching to host
Agglutination
Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens
Limits mobility of pathogens
Primary immune response
Responds when pathogen first invades host
Secondary immune response
Quicker and more effective than primary
Acquired immunity
Natural immunity
Artificial immunity
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Infectious
Organism becomes infected by pathogens
Disease-causing organisms
Virus
Reproduction
Can't replicate without host organism
Cause of illness
Prevents host cell from functioning properly
Kills host cell by tissue damage, organ failure
Weakens immune system, allowing infection by another type of pathogen
Structure
10-400nm
Lipid membrane
DNA
Has instructions for replication
Protected inside a capsid: protein coat
Capsid
Attachment molecule
Helps virus attach to a host cell
Recognition of host
Produces specific protein molecules that bind to receptors in the cell membrane of host
Attachment is complementary
Recognition of host
Enter host to survive and reproduce
Uses ribosomes, enzymes and ATP to make protein molecules for survival and reproduction
Bacteria
Cause of illness
Secretes toxins that harm/kill host
Structure
3 000 - 10 000nm
Cell wall
Lipid membrane
DNA
Capsule
Reproduction
Replicates independently inside/outside of host
Fungus
Protists
Transmission
One host to another
Airborne
In droplets to the air by speaking, coughing and sneezing
Disease
Flu
Tuberculosis
Sore throat
Vector-borne
Living transmitters
Ticks, flies
From vector to new host
Mosquito injects saliva into the blood vessels under the skin
Pathogen does not grow on the vector
Contact
Person to person by touching, kissing
Indirect contact
Clothes
Cups
Vehicles
Non-living objects that carry pathogens
Recognition of host
Surface molecules that bind to receptors on host
Shape is complementary to the shape of receptor
Certain bacteria enter host to avoid detection by immune system
Some reproduces
Endocytosis
Pathogens move into host
Binds to receptors on surface of host
Host cell membrane folds inward forming vesicle
Vesicle moves into cytoplasm
Vesicle is digested, contents are released into host
Transmitted between individuals in a population
AIDS
Tuberculosis
Non-infectious
Not caused by pathogens
Not transmitted between individuals
Cancer
Heart disease
Vaccination
Antibodies
Inhibits the growth of bacteria in the host
Antibiotic resistance
Survive and divide rapidly
Stimulate the production of antibodies against pathogen without causing illness