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EXCRETION (The Human Urinary System A5urinarytract (kidneys (nephron…

- - - - covered and protected by fibrous capsule
    - - proximal convoluted tubule
      - bowmans capsule
      - loop of Henle
      - distal convoluted tubule
      - collecting duct
    - - renal pyramids are located in this region
    - - conical sturctures located in the medulla
      - human kidney contains 12-16 pyramids
      - the radial stripes indicates numerous kidney tubules (nephrons)
    - - enlarged portion of the ureter inside the kidney
- - - - high hydrostatic pressure
      - partially permeable membrane
  - - - glucose
      - amino acids
      - mineral salts
      - water
    - - water
      - sodium ions
    - - water
      - sodium ions
    - - water
- - - - released by the pituitary gland
        
        increases/decreases water reabsorption at the nephrons
        
        affects the blood volume and blood pressure
        
        if blood volume increases, blood pressure will rise
        
        can cause stroke
- - - - the fluid contains the same concentration of essential substances as healthy blood
        
        ensures essential substances do not diffuse out of the blood
      - The fluid does not contain metabolic waste products
        
        so waste products can be removed from the blood
      - The tubing machine is narrow, long and coiled
        
        increases surface area to volume ratio
        
        speeds up the rate of substance exchanged
      - The direction of the blood flow is opposite to the flow of the dialysis fluid
        
        maintains concentration gradient