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6.1 Elements (Molecular elements (Molecules are clusters of two or more…
6.1 Elements
Molecular elements
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In a molecular element, all the molecules are identical, with same size, shape, number and type of atoms
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The oxygen you breathe is made up of billions of oxygen molecules, each oxygen molecule contains two oxygen atoms for this reason oxygen is represented by the molecular formula O2
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Some elements are made up of molecules with more that two atoms (phosphorus molecules commonly have four atoms giving it the formula P4)
Carbon is unique among the non-metallic elements in that it can for very large molecules of almost any size, the most famous called the buckyball it is made up of 60 carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a soccer ball
Elements
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Elements include copper, oxygen, iron, hydrogen and gold because they are made up of just one type of atom
Each element has a unique set of characteristics that scientists refer to as its properties the properties determine whether an element is classified as metallic or non-metallic
Metallic Elements
Metallic elements include aluminium, iron, mercury, gold and sliver
Your body needs metals such as iron, calcium, sodium and potassium to function properly
Metallic elements all share some characteristic properties such as: tending to be shiny or can be polished to be shiny (lustrous), are solid at room temperature(except mercury), good conductors of heat and electricity, can be bent and hammered into sheets(malleable) and they can be stretched into wires(ductile)
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Non-metallic elements
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Properties of non-metals are: tending to be dull(not shiny), do not conduct heat or electricity(instead they are insulators for electricity and heat), break or crumble when you bend them(brittle)
Non-metallic elements have lower melting and boiling points than metals and end to be solids or gases at room temperature
In comparison to metals, the properties of non-metals can be very different
Atoms in elements
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The atoms can exist: as single atoms, in clusters of atoms called molecules, in large grid-like structures called crystal lattices
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The way the atoms atoms are arranged in an element determines many of the physical properties of the element
Physical properties include whether the element is a solid, liquid or gas, it's melting and boiling points, how well it conducts heat and electricity and if it bends or breaks when a force is applied
The periodic table
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The same set of chemical symbols are used by scientist all around the world, which makes communicating new scientific research much clearer between scientists
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Chemical Symbols
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Although sometimes the symbol does not relate to the name (potassium has the symbol K and sodium has the symbol Na)
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Crystal lattices
Crystal lattices are large grid-like structures that repeat the same arrangement of atoms over an over
All metallic elements form crystal lattices, only a few non-metallic elements form crystal lattices
Metallic lattices
The lattice structure makes metals dense, strong and solid at room temperature, the only exception is mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature
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80% of elements are metals the atoms in metals form lattices, rather than molecules
The atoms in metallic lattices can slide and move over each other with out breaking the lattice which makes metals very maluable
Non-metallic lattices
In graphite, the carbon atoms form sheets that are stacked on top of eachother
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Only a few non-metallic elements form lattices (silicon is non-metallic lattice and so is carbon which forms crystal lattices to make graphite and diamond
Monatomic elements
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The monatomic elements are helium(He), neon(Ne), argon(Ar), krypton(Kr), xenon(Xe) and radon(Rn) these are all non-metallic gases
Monatomic elements are rare, only six of the 98 naturally occurring elements being monatomic