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Energy Metabolism: Ch.11 Respiration (Energy Yielded (aerobic respiration,…

- - - - ex: plants and animals
  - - - Oxidative Phosphorylation
        
        Electron Transport Chain
        
        Chemiosmosis
        
        ATP hydrogen synthase
        
        metabolic pathway
        
        4 protein complexes
        
        Succinate dehydrogenase
        
        FADH2 -> FAD+
        
        Cytochrome c reductase
        
        NADH hydrogenase
        
        NADH -> NAD+
        
        Cytochrome c oxidase
        
        H2O
        
        1/2 O2
      - Pyruvate
        
        Acetyl-COA
        
        Citrate
        
        Isocitrate
        
        Alpha-Ketoglutarate
        
        Succinyl-COA
        
        2 more items...
        
        NAD -> NADH
        
        CO2
        
        CO2
        
        NAD -> NADH
      - synthesis NADH
      - produces amino acids
      - energy
- - - - Pyruvate
        
        Ethyl alcohol
        
        picks up electrons NADH
        
        more NAD+
        
        CO2
      - 2 ATP
    - - Pyruvate
        
        Lactate
        
        electrons converted and transferred
        
        NAD+
        
        picks up electrons
      - 2 ATP
  - - - ex:bateria
- - - - ex: compost piles
      - ex: humans shivering
      - ex: voodoo lily
- - - - erythrose
        
        starting material
      - ribose
- - - - triglycerides
      - phospholipids
      - lipids
        
        catobolic metabolism
        
        glycerol
        
        fatty acids
        
        triglycerides
        
        glycerolphosphate
        
        phospholipids
        
        acetyl CoA
        
        Beta oxidation
- - - - 3-phosphoglycerate
      - phosphoglycolate
        
        glycolate
        
        peroxisomes
        
        glyicne
        
        CO2 and H2O
        
        much of energy wasted
- - - - Lower temp; less oxygen required
    - - stable
        
        no variation in respiration
        
        variation in cell access to oxygen
  - - - air
      - roots
        
        hypoxia
        
        anoxia
      - subjected to changes of <20 degrees C
  - - - active metabolism
        
        glands
        
        protein
        
        epidermal cells
        
        waxes
      - meristematic
        
        pentose phosphate pathway
        
        ribose
      - spongy mesophyll or collenchyma
        
        lower respiration rate
- - - - 2 ATP -> 2ATP
        
        2 NADH -> 4 OR 6 ATP ->4 OR 6 ATP
    - - 1 NADH -> 3 ATP (X2) -> 6 ATP
    - - 1 ATP (X2) -> 2 ATP
        
        3 NADH -> 9 ATP (X2) -> 18 ATP
        
        1 FADH2 -> 2 ATP (X2) -> 4 ATP
- - - - RQ = 6 CO2/602 = 1.0
    - - RQ = 18 CO2/25.50 2 = O.7
    - - no CO2 consumption
    - - RQ = 6 CO2/4.50 2 + 1.33
- - - - fermenting
        
        starchy cereal grains
        
        barely
        
        most common
        
        most enzymes
        
        faster
        
        coverts starch -> sugar
        
        wheat
        
        corn
        
        rice
        
        moistening embryo
        
        germinated seedlings
        
        enzymes
        
        break down starch
        
        to brew, malt mixed w/water
        
        1 more item...
  - - - rich in sugars
    - - obtain juice
        
        resveratolproduced
        
        S. cerevisiae added
        
        fermentation
        
        white 10-15 degrees C
        
        microfilter wine
        
        aging process
        
        2 more items...
        
        removes yeast
        
        red 25-30 degrees C
      - washed;crushed
  - - - toxic to yeast
      - strong alcohol added
        
        ethanol
      - distilled
        
        boils @ diff temps
        
        ethanol
        
        78 degrees C
        
        water
        
        100 degrees C
        
        heated
        
        mixture above 173 degrees; below 212 degrees F
        
        flavors evaporate
        
        water remains
        
        alcohol evaporates
        
        raise alcohol content to 95.6 %
        
        Types of Spirits
        
        gin
        
        malted barely, corn, rye
        
        juniper berries added
        
        vodka
        
        pure ethanol and water
        
        whiskey
        
        80% corn and rye and wheat
        
        rum
        
        fermented molasses
        
        tequila and mescal
        
        fermented juices of agave plants
  - - - depressant
        
        reduces focus
        
        reduces attention
    - - drunk driving
      - DUI
      - alcoholism
      - fetal alcohol syndrome
      - alcohol posioning
    - - can lower risk heat disease
        
        ex: red wine
  - - - ethanol
      - killed at 18% concentration