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Health and Diseases (Gateway 3 (Managing the spread of infectious diseases…

- - - - SARS Virus reappeared in China in 2003 and led to around 800 deaths
    - - SARS 2003 Virus spread from China to Hong Kong to Canada & finally Singapore
  - - - Resistance to anti-malarial drugs
        
        Migrant workers with surviving malaria parasites which are resistant to anti-malarial drugs return to India from India and bring these parasites back
      - Air travel
      - Climate change
      - Insecticide-resistant mosquitoes
        
        Use of chemicals like pyrethroids ineffective against mosquitoes who can build resistance to it
    - - Socio-economic factors
        
        Limitations of health care
        
        Resistance of malaria parasites to anti-malarial drugs reported in the Thai-Cambodian border
        
        Human activities
        
        Malaria flourishes along the Thai-Myannmar border. Border control needed to stop the spread of drug-resistant malaria.
        
        Travel advisories issued but not everyone can read it
      - Environmental factors
        
        Climate change
        
        Effect of monsoons
  - - - Difficulties in HIV detection
        
        Not knowing one's HIV status was a major cause of the spread of the disease in Africa
      - Lifestyle choices
        
        Tribes in Africa continue the tradition of having more than 1 wife and testing for AIDS is not practiced before marriage in some countries
      - Social stigma leading to non-reporting of diseases
        
        30% Americans prefer not to work with HIV-positive people
    - - Healthcare of antiretroviral drug
        
        Drug is expensive and long waiting time deters people from taking treatment
      - Population movement
        
        Areas near Sub-Saharan border experiences high population movement; Kinshana Highway dubbed 'AIDS' Highway
  - - - Refrain from risk-taking behaviour (AIDS); buying equipment to combat dengue such as mosquito nets
    - - Community-Led Total Sanitation
        
        Carried out in Sierra Leone which is the removal of the practice of open defecation through awareness and affordable sanitation options; led to reduce in spread of infectious diseases
        
        Not successful in urban areas and the lack of space for toilets; ongoing migration affects this strategy because migrants are poor (-ve)
    - - Implementing mitigration measures
        
        Mozzie Wipeout in SG
        
        Prevent and reduce dengue cases
        
        People complacent; new virus Den-1 affects population who has no vaccination against the virus (-ve)
      - Implementing precautionary measures
        
        Precautionary vaccines against H1N1 in SG
        
        Vaccines reduce fatalities to only 20 with mostly mild H1N1 cases
        
        Vaccinations take 2 weeks to take effect; people do not want to risk getting infected with the virus during vaccination (-ve)
    - - 'Rolling Back Malaria'
        
        Providing financial and technical support; WHO provided funding for 100 highest risk villages in India; over 3 million insecticide-treated nets provided and villagers trained in malaria case management. Countries using this scheme were successful
        
        Money provided by World Bank may be misused especially in Sub-Saharan regions
    - - International HIV/AIDS alliance
        
        End goal of eradication of AIDS through IHAA stratergies
        
        Success depends on country's willingness to work with civil society in their national HIV responses; countries lack funding (-ve)
- - - - Socio-economic factors
        
        Overcrowded living conditions
        
        Lack of proper sanitation
        
        Limited provision of and and access to healthcare
        
        4% of India's GDP spent on healthcare. Those in LDCs cannot afford the expensive treatment; treatment in cities
      - Environmental factors
        
        Poor drainage and stagnant water
        
        Effect of climate
        
        Higher temperatures speeds up maturation of parasites in the mosquito and he frequency of mosquito bites increase.
        
        Increased rainfall provides more stagnant water pools for mosquito breeding
        
        Higher relative humidity allows mosquitoes to have a longer lifespan
    - - Socio-demographic impact
        
        Increased death rate
        
        Higher infant mortality rate
      - Economic impact
        
        Burden of malaria on households
        
        Economic cost incurred from medication, travel expenses and loss of days from work
        
        Cost of health care
        
        Increased spending on health, reduced spending on country's infrastructure
        
        Loss of productivity
        
        Unproductive workforce turns away potential investors and leads to lower GDP
  - - - Social Factors
        
        Social stigma
        
        Education
        
        Sex is a private subject in Nigeria. Sexual education awareness education not conducted.
        
        Lapses in medical practices
        
        130 000 patients in the USA were affected as they were given blood transfusion from contaminated blood
        
        Lifestyle choices
        
        Using injections, refusal to use condoms and drug abuse leading to increased risk-taking behaviour
      - Economic Factors
        
        Vice trades
        
        Women from rural China moving to the cities to engage as commercial sex workers
        
        Mobility
        
        Men who move to cities are more likely to involve in risk-taking behaviour
    - - Socio-demographic impacts
        
        Lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality rate
        
        Orphan crisis
        
        17 million AIDS orphans, mainly from Sub-Saharan Desert and many are trapped in the poverty cycle
        
        Suffer emotional trauma; loss of parents limits the children's access to basic necessities; many without parents are vulnerable to force labour, forced into the sex industry & recruitment as child solders
      - Economic impacts
        
        Healthcare expenditure
        
        South Africa spent 1 billion dollars on healthcare to combat HIV/AIDS which could have been used in country's infrastructure development
        
        Slower economic growth
        
        Uganda's economic growth reduced by 40% as money chanelled away to combat disease
- - - - Diet
        
        DCs: Obesity
        
        LDCs: Malnutrition; Consume more staples
      - Lifestyle choices
        
        Smokers more prevalent in LDCs
        
        Physical inactivity of rich in LDCs
      - Education
        
        Better education->Higher income->Greater access to quality medical treatment, food, vaccinations & living conditions
    - - Poverty & affluence
      - Investment in healthcare and access to health services
        
        Patient-to-bed ratio & doctor-to-patient ratio
    - - Living conditions
        
        Slums in LDCs have poor living conditions and the spread of disease is easer
      - Access to safe drinking water
      - Proper sanitaiton