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JULIAN STEWARD (premises (principle meaning of ecology is adaption to…
JULIAN STEWARD
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premises
principle meaning of ecology is adaption to environment i.e man environment relationship (shown in L P Vidyarthi in his book on maler tribe)
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human and social ecologists = sought universal ecological principles , culture a secondary place
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white = environment as constant factor , Julian = environment as dynamic
society and culture evolve multi linearly , env is not homogeneous in the world it varies.
methodology
not all parts of culture equally related , some are more closely related.
to exploit need technology , relationship between people and technology = economic value = more closely related to env. hence economics system = core of culture
other institutions are related to economic system and not directly related to environment eg- political, religious institutions. = super structure
culture-env relationship --- man exploit env for material needs --- req technology --- man-technology relationship --- economic value --- economic system --- culture core
society and culture evolve multi linearly , env is not homogeneous in the world it varies. diff env lead to diff evolution of society and culture
criticisms
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rappapert andrew vaidya(tribe)in Melanesia and wrote a book - 'pig for ancestor' , found - direct relationship b/wn religion and environment.showed rituals regulated ecological cycle.pig feast - offering more pigs won title 'big man' in Melanesia(religion direct relationship with env)hence economic system not always be the cultural core other institutions like religion can also be
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white says steward confused history with evolution , history = particulars , evolution = generalize
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particular evolution - environment plays a vital role as humans adapt tp climate which cannot be treated as constant
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