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Chapter 4 and 5 Concept Map (Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of…
Chapter 4 and 5 Concept Map
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules (aka macromolecules)
Introduction
4 main classes of the most important large molecules found in all living things
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
macromolecules - these three are huge on the molecular scale
lipids
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
monomers are the building blocks of polymers, a long chain of molecules
can use similar or identical building blocks, linked thru covalent bonds
monomer (1), dimer (2), polymer (3+)
synthesis and breakdown of polymers
to form the bond, it takes H20 out, aka dehydration reaction/synthesis
hydrolysis, the reverse of dehydration reaction, adds water to break the covalent bonds
example: digestion
diversity of polymers
polymers are diverse due to their arrangement
example: more diverse than all the letters in longest word
made from 40 to 50 common monomers
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
monomer
monosaccharides
the simplest carb/ simple sugars
dimer
disaccharides
two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed thru dehydration reaction (glycosidic linkage)
aka double sugars
polymer
polysaccharides
whether its a structural or storage polymer is determined by its monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages
storage
starch
polysaccharide stored by plants
amylose
1 more item...
amylopectin
1 more item...
most glucose monomers are 1-4 linkages
glycogen
polysaccharide stored by animals
more extensively branched for more ends to be available for hydrolysis
structural
chitin
used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc.) to build exoskeletons
similar to cellulose with B linkages (refer to starch vs glucose pic) except its glucose monomer has a nitrogen containing attachment
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
lipids (mix poorly with water)
fats
glycerol
an alcohol (each of the three carbons has a hydroxyl group)
fatty acids
saturated
no double carbon bonds, but saturated with hydrogens bonding to the carbon skeleton
unsaturated
has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon
3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol by an ester linkage
ester linkage: dehydration reaction creates bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl group
the resulting fat is triacylglycerol
phospholipids
made of 2 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
has two ends
hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic and excluded from water
phosphate group and attachments form a hydrophilic head which has an affinity for water
when added to water, forms a bilayer to protect hydrophobic tails from the water
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
a type of steroid is cholesterol
a crucial molecule in animals
lipids don't have true polymers
but they assemble small molecules into big ones by dehydration reactions
lipids are generally not big enough to be a macromolecule
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
proteins
a biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure
dimer
dipeptide
two or more amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
polymer
polypeptide
unbranched, made from same set of 20 amino acids, has an amino and carboxyl end
Four levels of protein structure
Primary
linear chain of amino acids
Secondary
pleated sheet or helix shape held together with hydrogen bonds
Tertiary
builds upon the secondary structure and stays together by interactions between the side chains or R groups
1 more item...
Quaternary
a large mass of four tertiary structures (basically two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macromolecule)
changes in structure
sickle cell disease
caused by a simple change in the primary structure
denaturation
when a protein loses its native shape
misfolded protein
examples: Mad Cow disease, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
monomer
amino acids
basic structure: Alpha Carbon, Amino Group, Carboxyl Group and R Group (side chain)
have a variety of functions like structural support, speeding up chemical reactions (being a catalyst), etc
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
monomer
nucleotide
has 3 parts: phosphate group, sugar (pentose), and a Nitrogenous base that can vary
Purines: have two rings
Adenine and Guanine (belong to both DNA and RNA)
Pyrimidines: 1 ring
Uracil (RNA)
Cytosine (both DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA)
two types of Nitrogenous bases: Purine and Pyrimidine
two sugars: deoxyribose (for DNA) and ribose (RNA)
dimer
N/A
polymer
polynucleotide
connected with phosphodiester linkage
phosphate group in between sugars of two different nucleotides
genes
made up of DNA
genes are a unit of inheritance
it programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
two types of nucleic acids
RNA
stands for ribonucleic acid
has oxygen
single strand, linear shape
DNA
stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
missing oxygen
double stranded, helix shape
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
genomics
an approach that analyzes large sets of genes or whole genomes
proteomics
analysis of large sets of proteins, including their sequences
bioinformatics
use of computer software and other computational tools that can handle and analyze these large data sets
the large data sets of either genomics or proteomics
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life (carbon is why there is great diversity and variety of large molecules Ch5)
Introduction
Carbon: The Backbone of Life
living organisms are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon
unparalleled in it's ability to form molecules that are large, complex and varied
leads to the great diversity of organisms that evolved on earth
4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds
organic chemistry- study of compounds containing carbon (aka organic)
Organic molecules and the origin of life on earth
Stanley Miller Experiment
water vapor goes to atmosphere then struck by sparks to simulate lightning and create organic molecules
4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
Formation of bonds with carbon
Number of unpaired electrons in valence shell = atom's valence
atom's valence is the amount of covalent bonds it can form
carbon can form large complex molecules because it can make up to four different covalent bonds (it needs 4 more electrons)
Molecular diversity arising from variation in carbon skeletons
hydrocarbons
organic molecules made up of only hydrogen and carbon
isomers
compounds that have the same number of atoms of same elements but different structures and properties
cis-trans isomers
differ in their spatial arrangements
cis: same side
trans: opposite sides
enantiomers
mirror images, but has asymmetric carbon
structural isomers
differ in covalent arrangements
variation in carbon skeletons = molecular complexity and diversity of all living matter
4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
chemical groups most important in the processes of life
functional groups- chemical groups directly involved in chemical reactions
7 groups most important in biological processes: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate and methyl
