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Hormones (Types (Steroids (All come from cholesterol, Vitamin D also has a…

- - - - Made of 5 separate polypeptides
        
        Neurotransmitter
        
        Binds to receptor
        
        Opens (or closes) ion channel
        
        Increases (decreases) intracellular ion level
        
        Changes cell function
  - - - GPCR
        
        Hormone
        
        Binds receptor
        
        Causes conformational change of receptor
        
        Activates G protein
        
        Activated G protein
        
        Activates or inactivates an enzyme or an ion channel
        
        Changes level of second messenger
        
        Second messenger (first messenger is hormone or drug)
        
        2 more items...
      - Enzyme-Linked
        
        Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
        
        Pair of two peptides linked together on surface of cell
        
        Hormone
        
        Binds to receptor
        
        Stabilizes the receptor homodimer configuration
        
        Allows trans-phosphorylation of tyrosine moeties
        
        Hormone-receptor complex
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Diffuses into cytoplasm
        
        Binds to receptor
        
        Forms hormone-receptor complex
        
        Hormone-receptor complex
        
        Enters nucleus
        
        Binds to hormone response element
        
        Increases or decreases synthesis of specific proteins
- - - - Change of blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones
      - Neural stimuli
        
        Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines
      - Hormonal stimuli
        
        Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
        
        Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of most anterior pituitary hormones
        
        Anterior pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones
        
        Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine feedback loop:
        hormones from the final target organs inhibit the release of the anterior pituitary hormones
  - - - ACTH receptors are only found on certain cells of the adrenal cortex
      - Thyroxin receptors are found on nearly all cells of the body
    - - Blood level of the hormone
      - Relative number of receptors on or in the target cell
      - Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
    - - Up-regulation
        
        Target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone
      - Down-regulation
        
        Target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone
        
        Agonist
        
        Drug that binds to a receptor and MIMICS actions of hormone or neurotransmitter
        
        Antagonist
        
        Drug that binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the actions of a hormone or neurotransmitter
- - - - Nerve fibers and pituicytes (glial cells)
      - Downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue
        
        Neural connection to the hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)
        
        Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize the neurohormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
        
        Neurohormones are transported to the posterior pituitary
    - - Hormone secreting epithelial cells
      - Originates as an out-pocketing of the oral mucosa
        
        Hypophyseal portal system
        
        Hypophyseal portal system
        
        Primary capillary plexus
        
        Hypophyseal portal veins
        
        Secondary capillary plexus
        
        Carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion