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Cognitive Approach in Psychology (Reliability of cognitive processing…
Cognitive Approach in Psychology
Cognitive processing
"Structure and function of the mind"
Models of memory
Memory:
"Process of maintaining information over-time"
Multi store model
"There is a sequential process between receiving information, and storing it"
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Glazer & Cunitz: Primacy and recency effect on free recall
Listen
20 words
, recall words order, conditions:
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Easy recall when in proper storage. Short term stays: 6-12 secs, long term: forever, but may fail in recall>
Its cunning to store doughnuts in multiple storages (20), the favourite glazed doughnuts are stored in the first and last box. The boxes can only be opened in time intervals of 0, 15, 30 seconds.
Working memory model
"Different types of memory are processed in different storages." "When multiple information occupies the same storage, it is more difficult to be processed." *happens between short term and long term memory
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Central executive: organises information to the different stores
Visuospatial sketchpad: processes iconic (visual) memory
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Episodic buffer: stores memory temporarily to assist the central executive
Phonological loop: Stores echoic memory
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Quinn Mcnonnel: types of noise on free recall
learn list of words, 2 groups, 2 trials
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Mcqueen
wears a
suit
because he works in
connell
university as an
executive
. He tests people’s
memory
by
distracting
them using different sounds - to see which they withstand most.
Thinking and decision making
Thinking: "process of
using
knowledge and information"
Decision making:
"process of
identifying
and
choosing
alternatives, based on values and preferences"
Dual theory of thinking and decision making
"people tend to rely on heuristics"
System 1
based on heuristics (mental shortcuts), prone to error
Peak end rule
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System 2
effortful, and less prone to error
Khan
is the
man
, and he has to make an
unbiased
the
decision
to save people from a virulent disease in a
russian tavern
. He first has to prove his manhood by dipping his wrist in
painfully cold water
. ———He fails to make the good decision because he was using
heuristics
- the cold water made switch the
dual system
from 2 to 1; the
lazy
and dumb one
Schema
"mental representations that derives from previous experiences"
It is
stable
and
resistant to change.
Martin and Halverson: Gender stereotyping on memory
5-6 year olds
shown 16 pictures, asked to recall
8 gender consistent, e.g. girls playing dolls
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8 gender inconsistent
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memory distortion (static and resistant to change)
Father
Abraham
who I thought was Moses because he was bringing
tablets
that turns out is Asch's conformity test tablets. Father Abraham is a
lecturer
and teaches psychology students using his tablets. He has a strong
schema
for psychology students and history students. He
strereotypes
psychology as good and history as bad. ———After teaching, he goes to the bar, and saw
two children
, boy and girl drinking
half
a glass of
martini
each; flirting. He stereotyped the kids as being in the poor social class, and had a strong schema that they were bad children. So he tested them out using
4^2 cards
even though he would
never confirm otherwise
Reliability of cognitive processing
Reconstructive memory
"Memory may change depending on the nature of its recall stimulation"
Loftus & Palmer: leading question on estimation of speed
5 groups
Watch car crash video
Asked estimation with verbs of 5 different intensities
contacted
5th; lowest estimation
hit
4th
bumped
3rd
smashed
1st; highest estimation
collided
2nd
Buddha who sits on the
lotus
and wears a
palmer
towel is the only one who can
reconstruct
the universe. First he tries to
contact
it with his fingers, then he
hits
with his fist, then he
bumps
using his shoulder, then he
collides
with both arms, lastly he just
smashes
Biases in thinking and decision making
Peak end rule
Heuristics of judging an event based on the experience on its peak, and at its end.
Kahneman et al: Peak end rule on decision making
Participants submerge wrist into painfully cold water (asked to rate pain 1-5 using other hand): 2 trials; ask which they prefer to repeat for 3rd trial
1st: 60 secs cold
2nd: 60 secs cold, 30 secs warmer
Most prefer 2nd trial
Framing effect
"Heuristics of judging based on how something is framed."
Khaneman & Tversky: Framing on decision making
US undergrads
scenario: disease outbreak; 2 conditions 2 solution programs each, (essentially all the same program) - choose program
condition 1: (+) framing (taling in terms of saving)
certain outcome
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uncertain outcome
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condition 2: (-) framing (talking in terms of deaths)
certain outcome
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ucertain outcome
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Khan
is the
man
, and he has to make an
unbiased
the
decision
to save people from a virulent disease in a
russian tavern
. He first has to prove his manhood by dipping his wrist in
painfully cold water
. ———He fails to make the good decision because he was using
heuristics
- the cold water made him
lazy
and dumb
Emotion and cognition
Flashbulb memory
"Exceptionally vivid snapshot of moment due to emotional response."
Special mechanism hypothesis:
"special mechanism on due to element of surprise"
Importance driven model:
"personal consequences elicits emotional response."
Sharot et al: Emotion on memory strength
24 99/1 eyewitnesses
Word cues to recall 9/11 event, or preceding summer.
measurements:
fMRI
Close to event = higher amygdala response towards 9/11 than preceding summer word cues
Questionnaire on memory confidence
Reports more confidence
Write details
Write more vivid details
2 dozen lightbulbs carried by Sharon wearing a 911 officer uniform. The eggs are in 2 egg baskets, alongside an empty paper and questionnaire paper. One basket looks mechanical and the other looks business important
