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Anatomy & Physiology image (Physiology image (Body Defense Systems…

- - - - Whenever we look at our own body or study large body structures like our heart, we are observing gross anatomy
- - - - Closely related to anatomy because it is the study of how anatomical structures actually function
      - Deals with all vital processes of life; is more complex, with more sub-specialties
      - Subspecialties
        
        Human physiology
        
        Animal physiology
        
        Cellular physiology
        
        Neurophysiology
  - - - Requires various nutrients
      - Produces waste products
      - Includes all life-sustaining reactions within the body
      - Fever is common disease process that will speed up metabolism
    - - Anabolism
        
        First type of metabolism
        
        Building phase of metabolism
        
        Process of simple compounds being built up and then used to manufacture materials for growth, reproduction, and repair
        
        Example would be the assembly of simple amino acids to form complex protein
      - Catabolism
        
        2nd type of Metabolism:
        
        Breaking down phase of metabolism
        
        Process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances
        
        Example: breakdown of food into simpler chemical building blocks for energy
        
        Abnormal and extreme example: starvation victim whose body will “feed upon itself” by actually consuming own body’s tissues
  - - - In order for cells to remain alive and thrive they need an appropriate environment to live in as well (temperature, HR, balanced oxygen levels)
    - - Survival depends on ability to maintain homeostasis
        
        Homeostatic regulation refers to adjustments made in human organism to maintain a stable internal environment
        
        For example, a thermostat is a homeostatic control in a home
        
        The thermostat in your house works by a..
        
        Continuous feedback loop to determine what required action is needed
        
        If feedback opposes the stimulus, it is a negative feedback loop
        
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        Positive feedback loop
        
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  - - - Disease can result from pathogenic (disease producing) microorganisms invading body through openings referred to as portals of entry
        
        Body Barriers: first line of defense
        
        Example: skin
        
        Slightly acidic so it provides an environment that many harmful organisms don’t like.
        
        Provides mechanical barrier (if unbroken )
    - - Microscopic body cells activate
        
        Some attack and “eat” pathogens
        
        Some release powerful chemicals that disintegrate pathogens
        
        If body has been attacked by that pathogen before, substances can be produced that specifically target that pathogen
        
        Specific immune response
        
        Allergic or hypersensitivity reaction is when you have an allergic reaction causing the immune system to go too far; this causes tissue damage and impairs normal function
    - - Possible triggers: physical injury, intense heat, chemical irritation, reaction to invading germs (infection)
      - Signs and symptoms: redness, increased temperature at affected site, swelling (edema), pain
      - Is normally a protective function: Isolates injured area, Increases blood flow to restore normal function
- - - - Anatomy would be the study of the structure of RBCs, and the physiology would be the study of how the RBCs carry vital oxygen throughout our body
      - Design of the structure is often related to its function
  - - - Medical treatment attempts to bring the body’s structure and function back to normal A&P
  - - - The body works to make things function smoothly and maintain balance known as homeostasis
      - Pathology is the study of disease characteristics, causes, and effects
      - Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal body function
      - Terms related to disease
        
        Etiology: cause of the disease, is important to determine
        
        Getting or giving a medical history helps determine the etiology
        
        If cause cannot be determined it is known as an idiopathic disease
        
        Nosocomial- acquired in the hospital
        
        Epidemiology: study of the transmission, frequency of occurrence, distribution, and control of a disease
        
        An epidemiologist determined that there are nearly 62 million cases of the common cold each year
        
        Signs - objective, measurable indicators of illness
        
        Examples: fever, change in color
        
        Vital signs: signs vital to life and can have different normal values according to age and sex
        
        Pulse
        
        Blood Pressure
        
        Temperature
        
        Respiratory Rate
        
        In some health care settings weight is being accepted as a vital sign
        
        Symptoms: subjective indicators of illness that are perceived only by the patient
        
        Examples: pain, dizziness, itchiness
        
        Each person tolerates these differently so it is hard to measure
        
        Still important because a disease shows a set groups of signs and symptoms that occurs the same time (Syndrome)
        
        Syndrome: a specific grouping of signs and symptoms related to a specific disease
        
        Example: Down Syndrome signs and symptoms include sloping forehead, low set ears, short broad hands, mild-to-moderate mental retardation, and often, cardiac Valvular disease
        
        Discovering as many s/sx as possible helps to diagnose a disease.
        
        Diagnosis: identification of disease determined by studying patient’s signs, symptoms, history, and results of diagnostic tests
        
        Begins by obtaining Chief Complaint (CC) or reason the individual is seeking medical help
        
        Going to the doctor with a CC of a cough since June
        
        Continues as more details are obtained about the problem
        
        The Dr. asks more questions with his assessment….short of breath, what makes it worse, better?
        
        Prognosis: prediction about outcome of a disease
        
        Remember symptoms from a disease may have just started or have been there for a long time
        
        Acute conditions: rapid onset of signs and symptoms
        
        Chronic conditions: gradual onset of symptoms over a long period of time
        
        Remission: period of time when signs and symptoms of chronic disease disappear
        
        Cohn's Disease or Sickle Cell
        
        Relapse: recurrence of a disease
        
        Exacerbation: “flare-up” of signs and symptoms
        
        MS (multiple sclerosis)
        
        Terminal disease: one with a prognosis of death
      - Types of diseases
        
        A communicable and contagious disease may sound like they are the same thing but there is a fine difference:
        
        Communicable diseases: those that have potential to be spread from person to person
        
        Center for Disease Control (CDC) tracks disease worldwide
        
        Endemic: diseases that occur in specific populations or regions
        
        Epidemic: when diseases occur in large numbers over specific region
        
        Pandemic: when diseases spread country or worldwide
        
        Contagious diseases: readily transmitted from one person to another Like the common cold
      - Routes of Transmission
        
        Germs/pathogens gain entrance to your body by four main routes:
        
        Vector
        
        Vectors: when disease is spread by insect, or other non-human animal
        
        Biological vector: infected insect spreads infection to person (example: malaria)
        
        Mechanical vector: organism present on surface of insect is spread to person (example: a fly that lands on cow feces, and then on a person’s food)
        
        Contact transmission
        
        Direct contact: when a person becomes sick due to direct contact with a contagious body fluid
        
        Pt has bm in bed and the feces comes into contact with an open wound on the patients buttock
        
        Health care provider cleans a wound and does not glove up
        
        Indirect contact: when a person becomes sick due to contact with a contaminated object (example: catching the flu by picking up germs from a doorknob)
        
        Common vehicle
        
        Common vehicles: when consumable goods (such as food, or blood, or medications) become contaminated; results in several people simultaneously developing same infection
        
        This is a set up for a major epidemic
        
        Airborne
        
        Airborne spread: when droplets containing a pathogen spread through the air
        
        Example: TB, or pathogens growing in an air conditioner (Legionnaires Disease)
      - Preventing the spread of infection
        
        Requires breaking the chain of infection (interrupting spread of disease from outside source into the body)
        
        Washing your hands is one of the most powerful ways of controlling the spread of disease
        
        There was a time when there was no attention focused on the healthcare provider and the pt- it was always the disease itself.
        
        We don’t always recognize infectious agents and so it can be easy to spread without our awareness
        
        Because we don’t always know if and when we will spread an agent (pathogen, infectious disease) Standard Precautions were developed
        
        Universal Precautions/Standard Precautions: set of standard actions/procedures designed to prevent transmission of disease between patient and health care provider
        
        Based on assumption that every person could have some kind of communicable disease
        
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