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Skill-Rule-Knowledge (Skill Based Task or Behaviour (Errors associated…
Skill-Rule-Knowledge
Skill Based Task or Behaviour
Errors associated with this type of behaviour
Slips and mistakes made on mostly subconscious leve
Inadvertently pressing wrong button
Errors generally due to
Fatigue
Incorrect training
Poorly communicated changes to procedures or methods
Task generally assumed to require low level of cognitive complexity
Automatic actions requiring little to no conscious input
Typically involves highly integrated patterns of behaviour
Most commonly linked to frequently performed tasks
Typical mitigation efforts
Opportunities for errors should be identified and categorized
Work safety documentation made available to all workers
Strong training program that involves continual worker development
Workforce culture aimed at maintaining high levels of worker safety
Rule Based Task or Behaviour
Task generally assumed to require low to medium level of cognitive complexity
Actions guided by regulations and procedures requiring adherence to guidelines
Usually performed in a familiar work situation
Actions typically controlled by stored rule or procedure
Derived empirically during previous occasions or prepared by problem solving
Tasks associated are usually frequently performed by workers
Errors associated with this type of behaviour
Most commonly incorrect rule selection
Errors generally due to
Unknown changes in procedure
Improper training
Fatigue
Follow incorrect procedure or rule and inadvertently cause accident
Pressing wrong button
Typical Mitigation Efforts
Identify and categorize opportunities for such errors
Work safety documentation made available to all workers
Strong training program that involves continual worker development
Workforce culture aimed at maintaining high levels of worker safety
Reduction of the level of cognitive complexity
Change from rule based to skill based by adding cues (lights, sounds etc)
Knowledge Based Task or Behaviour
Tasks require highest level of cognitive complexity
Actions requiring the use of pure knowledge
Situations for which no rules or prior experience are available to draw from to control actions
Actions taken normally selected by considering the effects of actions, trial and error or conceptually determined
Little can be done to prevent the initial occurrence of error
Action can be taken so that it is not repeated in the future
Cause and effect should be documented accurately and analyzed to determine any method of preventing future accidents
Findings communicated to all staff and additional training provided if necessary
Certain tasks can be re purposed as rule or skill based by training workers or adding cues or guidelines
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In modern industries such situations should be rare
Most tasks should be performed regularly by workers who have the proper experience and training
Broad spectrum of errors associated with this type of behavior and causes similarly broad
Chance for error caused by Knowledge based behavior can be significantly higher in certain industries
Specialized Industries
Nuclear
New Industries
Errors can have serious implications - Death/Injury to a number of workers
In an unfamiliar situation workers have no prior experience to draw from when panicked
No guidelines or procedures to follow
Worker takes no action, is frozen, does not know what to do
Worker takes action but makes the situation worse accidently