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Paper 2- Religion, relationships and family. ((11.8 - The Nature and…

- - - - "So God created humankind in his image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. God blessed them, and God said to them, 'Be fruitful and multiply'."
        
        God created men and women.
        
        Men and women are expected to procreate.
        
        Both men and women are created in the image of God and blessed by him, therefore they are equal.
      - Genesis 2 - God takes 'Adam' (represents humanity) and splits it into two complementary parts. This shows the idea of equality between sexes, as men and women complement each other.
    - - Sex should be unitive (join people together)
        
        "...the two shall become one flesh." (Mark 10:8)
        
        Sexual intercourse between a married person and a person who is not their spouse is forbidden as it destroys the unity of the married couple.
        
        Sexual love expresses and deepens a couples' love for each other.
      - Sex should be open to creating new life (procreative)
        
        Catholic marriage ceremony contains the commitment to accept children lovingly from God.
        
        "Each and every marriage act must remain open to the transmission of life" (Humanae Vitae 11)
        
        Through sex God creates new life.
      - Sexual intercourse should be within marriage
        
        Promises made before God include a commitment to be together for life.
        
        This commitment is consummated by the physical union of sex - there has to be this for a marriage to be valid.
        
        Sacrament of marriage - enables two people to commit themselves publicly and exclusively to each other.
        
        Sex before or outside marriage is not allowed.
  - - - Marital sex (sex within marriage)
        
        Shows commitment, mutual love and respect, and leads to greater intimacy.
        
        Gives the possibility of creating new life (no contraception).
        
        Brings two people into a communion of persons.
        
        Can make use of natural periods of infertility to reduce the chances of pregnancy. Sometimes it is more loving toexpress fondness through non-sexual acts.
        
        Unites a couple in self-giving and love.
      - Extramarital sex (sex outside of marriage)
        
        Adultery breaks the marriage vows and show no commitment to a spouse.
        
        Is a sin and distorts God's original plan for human beings.
        
        Can make people selfish, caring only for themselves and not their marriage partner.
        
        Can lead people to think of others as sex objects rather than individuals with dignity and value - devaluing a person.
        
        It's a form of exploitation for pleasure.
    - - Anglican (C of E) - they believe that marriage is God's gift and is the best place for children. They regret that there are people living together before marriage and believe that changing attitudes to sex have led to more family breakdowns and children being hurt.
        
        Contraception - it is permissible to use contraception within marriage to limit the size of the family; this improves the woman's health and allows the couple to have sex to consummate the bond of marriage.
      - Non-religious - non-religious people would completely accept sex outside marriage and not see any problem with it. Many people would accept contraception as it is a way of preventing/reducing the chance of sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancies.
      - Liberal Christians - accept pre-marital sex where marriage is likely to follow. They believe love is the most important thing.
      - Roman Catholics - sex belongs within marriage both exclusively and permanently. Sex outside marriage destroys the idea of family and "Human love does not tolerate trial marriages".
        
        Contraception - not allowed; "be fruitful and multiply"; the intention of marriage is to have children and sex was given by God for procreation. Artificial methods (i.e. condoms etc) are against God's will, the rhythm method is natural and accepted.
        
        "Each and every marriage act must remain open to the transmission of life" - Humane Vitae
  - - - Liberal Christians
        
        They believe that experiencing homosexual feelings is not sinful, they believe that people should embrace them and celebrate them and that carrying out homosexual actions should be embraced - "Love your neighbour as you love yourself"
      - Catholics
        
        They believe that experiencing homosexual feelings isn't a sin, however carrying out homosexual actions is not a genuine sexual complementarity - "God created us male and female"
      - Evangelical Christians
        
        They believe that experiencing homosexual feelings is not a sin and that carrying out homosexual actions is not supported - "Thalt shall not live with man, as with woman: it is abomination"
      - Non religious
        
        They believe that experiencing homosexual feelings is completely natural and carrying out homosexual actions is reasonable and should be supported.
    - - The Catholic Church is against homosexuality for two reasons...
        
        Sex should be open to the possibility of new life.
        
        Homosexual relationships are unable to lead to the possibility of new life.
  - - - The marriage must be consumated.
      - Vows must be forever - "Till death do us part"
      - The couple must be free to marry (i.e. not already married or in a relationship).
      - It must be their own choice.
      - The couple must not be related.
      - Must be in front of a priest.
      - The couple must accept children lovingly from God.
  - - - P - permanent - it is forever
      - I - indisoluble - cannot be broken - "What God has joined together let no man separate"
      - L - lifegiving - should involve children
      - E - exclusive - demands for faithfulness
      - S - sacrament - a gift from God, promises made to each other and God.
    - - "to have and to hold from this day forward"
      - "for better for worse"
      - "for richer for poorer"
      - "in sickness and in health"
      - "till death do us part"
    - - Cohabitation is when a couple live together and have a sexual relationship, without being married.
      - Catholic view on Cohabitation
        
        It breaks the sanctity of the sexual union and marriage.
        
        It may reduce the effort.
        
        It removes the commitment.
        
        It may create insecurity.
        
        It may affect the children and destroy the sense of family.
      - Liberal Christians - acceptive of cohabitation and is a part of life, as long as true love is shown and could possibly lead to marriage.
  - - - Annulment is where a marriage is made 'nul and void'.
      - An annulment may be allowed if; the marriage has not been consummated; one partner will not or cannot have children; the couple always insist on using contraception; they didn't freely enter into the marriage; one partner does not accept the exclusiveness of marriage.
    - - Roman Catholic Church attitudes
        
        Does not allow divorce because:
        
        God made man and woman to be united as one.
        
        Marriage is a sacrament given by God.
        
        Jesus said it was wrong (anyone who divorces his wife... and marries another commits adultery).
        
        What is made by God should not be broken. Vows are for life - total commitment needed.
        
        Remarriage can happen
        
        If their partner has died or if the marriage was annulled.
        
        BUT it cannot happen in a church if the original spouse is still alive. Also, the person cannot receive Holy Communion if they have divorced.
      - Protestant (CofE and Methodist) attitudes
        
        Divorce is OK in some circumstances and re-marriage is allowed because:
        
        Humans make mistakes and relationships break down.
        
        God forgives sin, and with forgiveness, those who divorce can still have happiness with another.
        
        Jesus allowed divorce for adultery.
        
        C of E sees marriage a lifelong commitment but understands some circumstances. Divorce may be a compassionate option.
      - Anglican, Methodists attitudes
        
        Do not encourage remarriage
        
        Understand how some relationships can fail. They will sometimes marry divorcees.
        
        Most protestant denominations will not stop those who remarry from receiving communion.
  - - - To control family size.
      - To avoid underage pregnancy.
      - To prevent the spread of STDs.
      - To cut down on the amount of abortions.
      - Because they don't want / aren't trying for a baby.
    - - Sex was given by God for procreation and so should always allow the possibility of pregnancy.
      - Artificial methods of contraception are against the will of God.
      - The intention of marriage is to have children.
      - The rhythm method is natural and reduces the chances of conception.
      - "be fruitful and multiply"
    - - "Each and every marriage act must remain open to the transmission of life" - Humane Vitae
    - - The Church of England said in 1930 that it is permissible to use contraception within the marriage to limit the size of the family. This improves the woman's health.
  - - - Women are less dependent on money.
      - Many parents are unmarried.
      - Some families have same-sex parents.
      - More people get divorced.
      - People have sex before they are married.
    - - To share the development in the wider society.
      - To support the life and personal development of the wider society.
      - To form a community.
      - To share in the life and mission of the Church.
    - - Love is at the heart of all relationships.
      - "Honour your father and mother"
      - Christians are commanded to love one another.
    - - "The welfare and future of a State depends on the ability of the smallest unit, the family, to live and develop - Youcat 370
        
        This means that family is essential within society and it is the foundation of what we are and our future.
    - - Security
        
        A stable, safe environment for children to develop.
      - Education
        
        Parents are the first and most important teachers of children - they are role models.
        
        They should teach them right and wrong, and Christian values.
      - Procreation
        
        The family is the best environment to bring up children, who are visible signs of the parents' love for each other.
  - - - Being a parent involves responsibility, it is a gift from God.
      - Majority of mothers go to work to support the family financially.
      - Many people accept that family roles vary depending on situation.
      - The roles of both men and women in the family are important.
      - Increasing gender equality.
    - - Any family that is not founded on marriage is not ideal.
      - Same-sex parents
        
        Reasons for - same legal rights; it is argued that the love between the children and parents is the most important.
        
        Reasons against - some argue that children need both a mother and a father; can't have children of their own, child may encounter prejudice.
      - Single parents
        
        While the Catholic church wouldn't encourage single people to have children, they believe the most important thing is love.
  - - - Women have always had an important role in the Bible and they have always been treated with full respect by Jesus. For example, Mary has an important role in the Bible of being the mother to Jesus.
    - - In the Bible, it is seen that the majority of events that happen are about men. For example, Jesus chose 12 men to be his disciples and the main leaders of the Church were, and still are slightly, men.
    - - Men and women were seen as equally important as they were both "made in the image of God". While men and women have differences when they unite, they compliment each other.
    - - It stops the use of God-given talents.
      - It can be hurtful and damaging.
      - It devalues a person.
      - Certain roles belong to one gender or another.