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Inflammation (5 Classic Signs (Redness (Hyperemia resulting from dilation…
Inflammation
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Systemic Manifestations
Leukocytosis
Increased number of leukocytes circulating in bloodstream. Normal level: 4000-10000 mm3
Inflammation: 10000-30000 mm3
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Fever
Leukocytes and pathogens produce pyrogens that affect the hypothalamus, may help initially with slowing down production of more pathogens, may be detrimental if pathogens prefer "warm" enviornments
Lymphadenopathy
Enlargement of lymph nodes, superficial nodes can be palpated during extra/oral exam, the lymph system removes excess fluid/plasma from the interstitial spaces
Types
Acute
Rapid onset, only lasts a few days
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Chronic
Long lasting, 3+ months, gradual onset
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Granulomatous
A specific type of inflammation in response to certain stimuli; attempt to wall off the injurious agent
Tissue Responses
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Atrophy
Decrease in size and function of tissue, Tissue can return to normal after stress is removed (Use it or lose it)
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Biochemical Mediators
Kinin System
increase dilation of blood vessels and permeability during very early phases of inflammation, activated by substances in both plasma and injured tissues, induces pain
Clotting Mechanism
fibrous mesh at the site of injury that protects adjacent tissue and isolates foreign substances, works with Kinin system to increase dilation and permeability of vessels, forms a framework for repair
Compliment System
Cascading effect- one protein activates the next in a series, functions in both inflammation and immunity, stimulates mast cells to release histamine to increase permeability and vasodilation
Mast cells
Contain histamine granules, upon stimulation these granules are released into the tissue