The Interwar Years WW1
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement signed after WWI had ended in 1918. The document was signed by allied powers and by Germany, in the Palace of Versailles in Paris. The Treaty was dominated by the "Big Four" - David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Woodrow Wilson of the United States and Vittorio Orlando of Italy.
The Treaty of Versailles impacted Germany harshly as Germany couldn't afford the money that the Treaty was asking for, therefore showing that the treaty was quite unrealistic. France was impacted really well through the Treaty as they were given more of the money that Germany had to provide for the Treaty. It also caused Germany to get angry at the countries of France Britain and America
The Treaty of Versailles benefited more some countries because they were given more money and they could get all the money that Germany was forced to buy. It also brought peace into Europe, the people of Europe was happy about the Treaty as the war caused so much damage that the money seemed worth the war. The Europeans also were happy as the Germans had lost so much because of the war that they weren't able to actually provide enough resources for a war to begin again due to the treaty and Germany not having a voice
Roaring Twenties
The Roaring Twenties was the decade of the 1920's, labelled this name due to rapid economic growth and cultural change. People wanted to forget about the hardship and horror of the war years and rejoice their peacetime. The entertainment industry was change by the jazz films and music. Women entered the workforce due to the economic growth and having proved in the WWI they could do the same as men.
The Roaring Twenties were "roaring" because of the reality of the people allowed to do whatever they want, more rights, for example, women were allowed to wear shorter shorts/skirts, have shorter hair and were allowed to smoke in public, all these things were not allowed before "the roaring twenties". It was a time that the people were always having fun, disallowing any of the traditional and moral standards and they would party all the time and that was the start of the clubs, this was then called the "roaring" twenties because of the recklessness of the people.
Wall St Crash
The Great Depression
The 1920's was brought to a halt in 1929, when the shares listed on the stock market drastically declined and continued to do so for several weeks. The Wall St Crash triggered the Great Depression, where many investors lost their life savings overnight. The market continued to fall over the following months, resulting in widespread poverty, loss of investor confidence, business closure, fall in prices, political turmoil, decline in spending, loss of savings and a decline in international trade.
Business Closure
Loss of investor confidence
high unemployment
Widespread poverty
Sharp fall in proces
Political turmoil
Decline in spending
the rise of political extremism
America was in the depths of the greatest economic depression in history. The disaster began in the United States of America, the leading economy in the world.
Bank closures
Loss of savings
Decline in international trade
There was an oversupply of manufactured goods that couldn't be sold, low incomes for the ordinary people making it difficult to live (gasp between rich and poor). Many investors went into debt in the hope of making money on the stock market and trade policies in the US discouraged foreign trade.
The 1930's terminated the peacefulness of the 1920's, plunging the world into poverty, turmoil and new fears of war. Unemployment, homelessness, starvation, crime and civil unrest increased in all countries affected by the Great Depression.
Germany - extreme political parties became more popular, especially in Germany where people had voted in greater numbers for the Communists and Nazis. Germany relied on US loans which were no longer available. It also suffered greatly because of the repaying of the reparations of demanded by the Treaty of Versailles.
Policy of Appeasement
Regards everything that Hitler initiated. His plan was to continue the hatred, blaming non-genuine Germans for losing the war. When he was in power, all the laws he changed meant that nobody could go against him.
Summary: Treaty of Versailles --> Roaring Twenties --> Wall St Crash --> League of Nations --> The Great Depression --> Policy of Appeasement
Definitions:
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1933, which was the period after the First World War until the rise of Nazi Germany. It was named after the town of Weimar where Germany's new government was formed by a National Assembly.
Rhetoric
To be persuasive, and to be biased in your view of what you think is right. In terms of the WW2, the use of rhetoric was mainly found in propaganda trying to promote the different countries. It was also used to give false information to scare the opposing country. In all of Hitler's speeches, he used rhetoric language as he was trying to promote the war and his country.
Putsch
The Beer Hall Putsch, was a failed coup attempt by the Nazi Party Leader, Adolf Hitler of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. Hitler was convicted of treason and sentenced to five years in prison.
Fuhrer
Fuhrer is something that means "leader" in Germany, it was also known as a war commander to the people in the war. Because of the known association with Hitler the word became negative and not used as often. Fuhrer is used in many different word in German, for example Bergführer, with “berg” meaning “mountain.”
Hitler's Rise to Power
Many Germans were disillusioned after the defeat in the First World war. Ex-soldiers felt that they had been ‘Stabbed in the back’ and felt that they had not been defeated on the battlefield. Many of them joined Right Wing groups such as the Freikorps or the Nazi party.
The Spartacist rising led to many people fearing a Communist revolution in Germany. People looked to right Wing groups to act against this: the Freikorps in particular.
Economic hardship was coupled with humiliation as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Right Wing groups gained popularity by saying that they would destroy the ToV.
Stresemann Period
Hitler In Power
Gustav Stresemann, was the Chancellor of Germany for 100 days in 1923, and was then foreign minister until 1929, the year in which he died. ustav Stresemann put past new measures which aimed to bring Germany out of its current economic situation, and bring the Weimar Republic back into a recovery. One of the first things that Stresemann did was abolish the old currency and created a new one, the Rentenmark. Stresemann also sought to make international relations better, by signing the Locarno/Rhineland Pact
In January 1933 Hitler is invited to become Chancellor by politicians who believe that Hitler can be manipulated easily which was a mistake made by the politicians.
President Hindenburg’s death in 1934 allows Hitler to assume presidential powers – he becomes the Fuhrer
He brought unemployment down, when he was rising into power, and by making military equipment he gave jobs to the people who didn't have any nearly cutting out unemployment. Everyone else thought that he was doing the right thing and thought that Hitler was doing the right thing. He was then known as the leader of Germany, and the WW2 was his to blame.
Nazi Party’s rise to power is complete
By 1923 the Nazi party had gained much support in Bavaria. Now firmly under the control of Adolf Hitler the group attempts to seize control of the government through use of force.
Despite having many sympathisers the putsch fails and Hitler is imprisoned.
The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch demonstrates that power can only be achieved through legal means i.e. through elections.
Hitler began rebuilding the army, new warships and the German air force.
The forced gained experience and tactics in the Spanish Civil War.
Germany provided support to the Nationalists rebel group to overthrow the Spanish government.
1936 - Germany invaded Rhineland in defiance of the Treaty.
Hitler also signed alliances with the fascist leader in Italy.
Whilst in prison, Hitler analysed the parties' strategy. The political strategies were developed and refined. There was development of propaganda and there were attempts to win support of big businesses.
Policy of appeasement
The countries didn't want to go to war as they didn't have any more resources for the soldiers, and they decided that it would be better to leave him as he was and hoped that he would back back down, mainly because they didn't have anything that would be able to stop him.
The Wall Street Crash lead to the end of the effective financial assistance from USA, unemployment rose rapidly, hyperinflation recurred with fears of as return to 1923. The threat to Communism increased and the coalition government failed to address problems successfully.
The electoral support rose, and by 1932 the Nazi's became the largest single party in the Reichstag. The continuing economic crisis led to the break down of coalitions. Germany was in desperate need of a strong leader, potentially Hitler.
Actions of power
Strong leadership
Determination
Popular rhetoric and Hitler’s capabilities as a public speaker
Weakness of Coalition government
Wall Street Crash and the consequent economic collapse
Support of significant businessmen
Disruption of extremist opponents
Fear of Communism
When He first came into power he met with the Britains many times, hoping that he would be a good leader, and the Britains wanted to have a leader that was like him, making sure that there was jobs for everyone and that they could buy basic necessities. This was until he started to invade different countries, but because the people in Great Britain and France didn't have enough resources to stop him so they just hoped that he would stop invading the countries after a little while, but when he didn't they decided to declare war on Germany to try and stop his rise to full power
League of Nations
Through countries breaching the agreement, it made the league seem weak and redundant.
Russia refused to join, Germany was invited. There were no real punishments. Hitler promised to end unemployment and the Treaty of Versailles, if being elected. Germany had 10 years of mass unemployment and Hitler nearly eliminated it through investing in machinery and infrastructure, preparing for war.
Italy's invasion on Abyssinia:
In the 1930s, the Italian dictator Mussolini wanted to build an Italian empire. The African country of Abyssinia was next to the Italian colony of Somalia. The area was desert. In December 1934, Italian soldiers attacked a party of British and Abyssinian investigators at the oasis at Wal-Wal, in Abyssinia. Abyssinia then tried to get the League of Nations to attribute to their side but was then given the news that they would have to stop all the arms sales that are going on helping the soldiers by giving them guns to fight the Italy army, because of this the Abyssinia army did not have as many resources as the Italy army as the Italy army had tanks and bombs ready for the fight. After the fight had finished Italy won and conquered Abyssinia.
Japan's invasion on Manchuria:
Japan was being increasingly crowded due to its limited size, as a nation and its rapidly increasing population. Manchuria offered nearly 200,000 square kilometres, which would easily accomodate for its overcrowded population. It was also believed that Manchuria was filled with minerals, forestry, and rich agricultural land. Hence, Japan invaded Manchuria without declaring war, breaching the rules of the League of Nations. Japan had a highly developed industry, but the land was scarce of natural resources.