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Abnormal Psy (Biological Perspective (Neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine…

- - - - inhibitory neurotransmitters causing anxiety and effects of Benzodiazepines (sleeping pills) on GABA system
      - Glutamate
        
        excitatory for learning and memory
    - - e.g. anxiety, emotions, impulsivity, eating, &
        sleep
      - lack of this :arrow_right: effects of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on serotonergic system
    - - Stimulation of alpha- & beta-adrenergic receptors
        (metabotropic receptors)
      - will not affect all kinds of receptors
      - controlling involuntary responses inside our organs: e.g. respiration, arousal & alertness, panic, mood, & sexual behaviors
    - - “Switch” function in brain circuits: interacts with
        other neurotransmitters
      - examples
        
        Motor activity, mood, & hallucinations
        
        Parkinson’s disease & schizophrenia
        
        Effects of L-dopa on the dopaminergic system
- - - - Paths vary by developmental stage
      - Interaction with other dimension
  - - - Post-operative states, drugs & alcohol, urinary
        tract infections, fever, & organ failure
    - - Elderly individuals & children are at a higher risk for delirium than are adults (Age is another dimension)
- - - - live longer
      - less likely to commit suicide
      - less likely to develop psychiatric disorders such as depression & alcoholism
      - recover better and happier
      - approaches
        
        family therapy
        
        couples therapy
        
        group therapy
  - - - culturally related (imperative between gender and roles)
      - influence across several dimensions
        
        bulimia nervosa 神經性暴食// anorexia nervosa 神經性厭食症 & depression among women
        
        fear behaviors & coping strategies (eg, alcoholism: result from insecure of men)
  - - - Higher exposure to stressors that undermine mental &
      - physical health
      - lower sense of self-control
      - Clinical biases in assessment, diagnosis, & treatment (eg, banned from expensive treatments)
      - Less desirable forms of therapeutic treatments
      - Higher incidence of depression
- - - - present from birth; illogical, emotional, irrational
      - pleasure principles
        
        Impulsive, pleasure-seeking aspect of being; immediate gratification of instinctual needs
    - - Realistic, rational part of mind; logical and rational
      - Reality Principles
        
        Awareness of environmental demands & need to adjust behavior to meet these demands
    - - Moralistic considerations
        
        conscious & ego ideal, which rewards moral behavior with pride
      - conscience
    - - ego fights to stay on top of the id & superego
      - loss :arrow_right:anxiety
      - ego defence mechanisms that protect the indi from anxiety and operate unconsciously & distort reality
      - Displacement
        
        shift focus to other things
      - Denial
        
        "its not true..."
      - Rationalization
        
        rationalizing abnormal behavior
      - Reaction formation
      - Projection
      - Repression
      - Sublimation
  - - - hierarchy of needs (Maslow's Theory)
        
        from basic physical needs to the needs of self actualization
        
        Inherent tendency to strive toward realization of one’s full potential
      - intrinsic goodness (性本善)
    - - Person-centred therapy
        
        unconditional positive regard: Accepting, valuing & being positive toward another person regardless of the person’s behavior
  - - - neutral ; stimulus became a conditioned stimulus which can elicit a conditioned response
    - - +/- reinforcement /punishment
    - - Exposure to disturbed models is likely to produce disturbed behavior
      - social learning
- - - - Prevalence
        
        Percentage of people in a population with a disorder at a
        given time [define the time frame to get more accurate information]
        
        point prevalence [eg. monthly, weekly, daily]
      - Life time prevalence
        
        The total proportion of people in the population who have ever had a disorder in their lives
        
        usually much higher than the point prevalence
      - Incidence
        
        Onset or occurrence of a disorder over a period of time
        
        eg, Onset of dementia is 60; if a 50yo ppl getting dementia :arrow_right: "early-dementia"
      - Course
        
        Episodic
        
        come and go, time matters; abate and recur
        
        eg, bipolar disorder
        
        Time-limited
        
        tends to improve on its own in a relatively brief period
        
        distress fades according to the time line [heal by itself]
        
        eg, losting the love ones
        
        Chronic
        
        long-standing/ frequently recurring
        
        progressing seriousness
      - Onset
        
        acute: sudden onset with intense symptoms [fast and sudden]
        
        insidious: occurs gradually over an extended period of time [slow]
- - - - violating social norms
      - atypical response or not culturally expected
      - deviation from the "average"
    - - atypical responese
      - psychological disorders
      - 3 functions
        
        cognitive
        
        behavioral
        
        emotional
      - "Does the person need to see the problem in himself or herself”?
        
        not really
      - “Harmful dysfunction” (Wakefield, 1992)
      - affective dailylife aspects: social, occupational etc
    - - degree of impairment
      - subjective vs objective
      - appropriateness to situation
        
        eg: lost of the love ones,, illness, financial problem
    - - disturbance in individual aspects