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Bone injuries (FRACTURE (TYPES OF FRACTURES (complete fracture (there is a…

- - - - there is a clean break of bone
    - - the bone is broken into two parts with no break in the skin
    - - the bone is completely broken and there is a wound that opens the exterior
    - - when the are many fragment at the point of the brake as a result of a crush injury
    - - when the vertebral column has been compressed as a result of a fall from a height in an upright position and the vertebral column absorbs the shock in the fall
    - - this applies to the skull, where a blunt blow causes a dent that presses on the brain substance
    - - when a bone fragment slips over the other fragment
    - - applies in children where the one side breaks while the other side is bent
    - - related to disease and can occur without trauma such as in oesteoporosis
  - - - administer prescribed analgesia for severe pain such as pethidine 25-50 mg intramuscular stat
      - replace fluid when blood pressure is low and there is a weak pulse
      - hadle fractured part carefully to effect temporary immobilisation such as temporary splinting
    - - when the displaced bone ends are brought into alignment to their former anatomical position.
    - - it is the manual realignment of the fratured bones , can be done under locan or general anasthesia, immobilisation of the limb is done by applying cast or traction
    - - an open incision is done in order to bring the fractured bone into alignment. internal fixation of the fracture can be achieved by the3 use of screws
    - - alignment is achieved by the application of a traction device, which applies a steady pulling force on the fractured limb or bone ends
    - - this is done after reduction of the fracture to maintain the aligned position
      - restrict movement
      - relieve pain
    - - all joints should be exercised daily and full range of movement done in the unaffected joints
      - refer patients to physiotherapist and or occupational therapist in order to exercise their joints and muscles to maintain their full functional ability
    - - muscles and joints should be exercised to restore and maintain full function , a prosthesis may be used if the extremity had to be amputated
- - - - manage post operative bleeding , repack the wound if dressings are soaked
      - ensure that the stump rest on a protected bed in the extended position
      - control postoperative pain effectively
      - manage wound care and drainage
      - refer to physiotherapy for exercises and preparation for prosthesis
      - refer to psychologist for counseling
    - - ischaemia or peripheral vascular disease secondary to other diseases such as diabetes mellitus
      - crush trauma
      - chronic osteomyelitis