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Evolution of the Major Programming Languages (The Beginning of Timesharing…
Evolution of the Major Programming Languages
Computerizing Business Records
FLOW-MATIC
Grace Hopper (1953) said : "Mathematical programs should be written in mathematical notation, data processing programs should be written in English statement"
1955: Flow-Matic released: 1st English-like data processing language.
COBOL
Took a lot of design cues from FLOW-MATIC
FLOW-MATIC = Mother of COBOL
December 1959 : the same COBOL program ran successfully on an RCA Computer and a UNIVAC computer – proof that it is machine independent
Language creation undertaken quickly (a lot of other computer manufacturers were already working on their version of business app language)
CONTRIBUTIONS
1st macro facility in high-level language
Hierarchical data structures (records)
Long names (up to 30 characters)
Division
Identification
Environment
Data
Procedure
The Beginning of Timesharing
BASIC : Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Year: 1963
John Kemeny & Thomas Kurtz
Goal
Easy for nonscience students to learn & use
Must be pleasant and friendly
Must provide fast turnaround for homework
Must allow free and private access
Must consider user time more important than computer time
1st May 1964 :First program using time shared BASIC typed & run between two teletypes
BASIC: resurgence when Microsoft
introduced Visual Basic
PL/I
1960: 2 camps
Scientific Programmers
Business Applications
1963: Scientific & Business computing
Scientists: use large files, need input & output facilities
Business: need floating point & arrays for Management Information System
1964
IBM manufactured a computer capable of handling both needs
idea came for both scientific + business applications
1964: The new language: PL/I combined features from FORTRAN + ALGOL + COBOL
Results:
Too large and complex
Programmers have very hard time understanding
Contributions:
First exception handling
Pointer data type
Can refer cross sections of arrays
Two Early Dynamic Languages
SNOBOL
1964
Farber, Grisworld & Polensky
Features powerful operators for string pattern matching
Slower than other languages – no longer used for writing text editors
APL: A Programming Language
1960
Kenneth E. Iverson
Originally as tool to describe computer architecture
Have very large number of powerful operators that uses large number of symbols
These operators provide very high expressivity but difficult to read and implement
APL & SNOBOL
most noted features: dynamic typing & dynamic storage allocation
Untyped variables
Variable acquires type when it is assigned a value
Storage allocated only when variable assigned value
Beginning of Data Abstraction
SIMULA 67
1967
Kristen Nygaard & Ole-Johan Dahl
Primarily for computer simulation
Contributions:
Coroutines – subprograms that can be restarted where it stopped
Classes – concept of data abstraction began with this