including intelligence ( Thorndike, 1898 ), reading ( Gray, 1935 ), discovery learning ( Ausubel, 1968 ), information processing ( Gagné, 1977 ), observational learning ( Bandura, 1986 ), self- regulation ( Zimmerman, 1990 ), achievement goals ( Ames, 1992 ), or knowledge acquisition ( Alexander & Judy, 1988 ).