The Criminal Justice System
Goals of the CJS
Justice: keeping order, correct reprimanding of actions
Crime Control
Crime Prevention
3 Components
Courts: Prosecution of accused, defense of the accused, preservation of rights, adjudication
Corrections
Police: A visual representation of the law, maintains status quo of behavior, crime prevention, social services
Decision Making Process: Charging, initial appearance, preliminary hearing/grand jury, information/indictment, arraignment, trial, sentencing, appeals, corrections, release
Community Corrections: Probation, house arrest, community service, fines, classes, therapy/treatment programs
Institutional Corrections: functioning closed institutions, jails and prisons, mental institutions
Herbert Packer Models of the CJS and Administration
Due Process: Protection of liberty, individual rights, adversarial, innocent until proven guilty
Crime Control: Crime repression, emphasis on ability of Law Enforcement Officers/courts to find and punish criminals
Disparity: a difference between groups that can be explained either by legitimate factors, or by discrimination
Crime and Victimization
Discrimination: Differential treatment of individuals or groups based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or economic status, instead of on their behavior or qualifications
Types of Crime: Visible, Occupational, Organized, Transnational, Victimless, Political, Cyber
Visibile: not just crime that we see, but crime we see more often
Violent Crime: homicide, assault, battery, rape, robbery
Property Crime: Theft, larceny, shoplifting, embezzlement, burglary
Public Order: Threaten the well-being of society and challenge accepted moral principles; public intox, panhandling, vandalism, disorderly conduct
Occupational: dealing with crimes within the workplace and the privileges within it
White Collar Crime: Financially motivated, non-violent crime committed by business and government officials
Skimming: taking cash "off the top"; starts to add up especially when dealing with multi-million companies
Insider Trading: The illegal practice of trading on the stock exchange to one's own advantage through having access to confidential information
Tax Evasion: The illegal nonpayment or underpayment of tax
Organized: Profit through illegal activities: drugs, prostitution, gambling; maintains through use of threats, force, or corruption of public officials (allows them to remain "safe" in the business); ties in other types of crimes: visible, occupational, transnational and cyber
Transnational: Crossing borders
Victimless: Is there a victimless crime? Willing and private exchange of goods or services that are strong in demand but illegal: prostitution, gambling, drug sales/use
Political: Acts committed by or against the government for ideological reasons; governments influence, secrets, document leaking
Cyber: Over the internet; intimidation/extortion, child pornography
Counterfeit Products: Fakes or unauthorized replicas of the real products, often produced with the intent to take advantage of the superior value of the imitated product
Money Laundering: The act of concealing the transformation of profits from illegal activities and corruption into "legitimate" assets
Fraud: Wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain
Drug Trafficking, smuggling, human trafficking, bribery, extortion and financial crimes
Extortion: The practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats (blackmail)
Human Trafficking: The trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others; not only on borders of port access areas;
Election Rigging: Electoral fraud, election manipulation, or vote rigging is illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both
Treason: The crime of betraying one's country, especially by attempting to kill the sovereign or overthrow the government
Terrorism: The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims
Phishing Schemes: Bait email trying to get you to give out your personal and private information
Hacking: Use of a computer to gain unauthorized access to data in a system.