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Components of Blood (Red Blood Cells (Oxygen transport Oxygen…
Components of Blood
Red Blood Cells
Structure
Shape
Bifocated Disc
Advantages
Large Surface Area to volume ratio
Increases speed of exchange between RBCs interior and surrounding plasma
Can form stacks to pass narrow blood vessels
Single cells can jam together
Mailable
Are capable of moving through capillaries narrower than themselves
Organelles
Nuclei :red_cross:
Ribosomes :red_cross:
As such short lifespan (120 Days)
Mitochondria :red_cross:
Cytoskeleton :check:
Haemoglobin
Function
Allows for the transportation of
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Makes up 95% of intracellular proteins
Protein Structure
Quaternary
Contains four globular polypeptide subunits
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
each haemoglobin chain has one molecule of heme
Non-protein pgment complex
each heme unit holds an iron ion
when oxygenated= oxyhaemoglobin
Reversible
when deoxygenated= deoxyhaemoglobin
Oxygen transport
98.5% of oxygen transported by haemoglobin
Oxygen partial pressure
If increases
More oxygen is bound
If decreases
Releases oxygen
Oxygen has limited solubility in plasma
Oxygen-haemoglobin saturation curve
Carbon dioxide Transport
About 23% of the CO2 carried in the blood is carried this way
Formation (Erythropoiesis)
Location
Red Bone Marrow
Under extreme conditions Yellow marrow can change to Red marrow
Maturation
Stages
Hemocytoblasts
Myeloid stem cells
Divide to produce RBCs and some WBCs
Proerythroblasts
Cells that will become RBCs
erythroblasts
Several stages
Normoblasts
Reticulocyte
Nucleus is shed
Mature
Regulation
Requirements
Requires vitamin B12
If absent Pernicious anaemia results
Erthropoisesis stimulated by Kidney and Liver in response to hypoxia
erythropoietin (EPO) a peptide hormone
Can be abused to boost number of oxygen carrying blood cells, increasing viscosity of blood and heart work rate
Recycling of RBC components
Components
Globular Proteins
Disassembled into amino acids
Released For use by other cells
Heme Units
Stripped of Iron
Turned into Biliverdin
Turned into
Bilrubin
Transported to
Liver where is excreted as bile
Cells
Macrophages
Location
Liver
Spleen
Bone Marrow
Function
Monitor RBC quality
Engulf worn out RBCs
Platelets
Appearance
Flattened Discs
Function
Clotting
Haemostasis
Relevant Diseases
Thrombocytopenia
Low Platelet count
Signs
Bleeding in
digestive tract
Skin
Central Nervous System
Thromoctosis
High Platelet count
Causes
Accelerated platelet formation due to
Infection
Inflammation
Cancer
White Blood Cells
Types
Specific Defence
Agranular Leukocytes
Lymphocytes (20-30%)
Nucleus
Surrounded by halo of cytoplasm
Large round nucleus
Size
Larger than RBCs
Nonspecific Defence
Agranular Leukocytes
Monocytes (2-8%)
Size
Twice size of RBCs
Function
Attracts fibrocytes that produce scar tissue
Attracts more phagocytic cells
Aggressive Phagocyte
Nucleus
Jelly bean shaped
Large
Granular Leukocytes
Eosinphils (2-4%)
Size
Similar size to Neutrophils
Function
Exocytosis of toxic compounds
Nucleus
Bilobed
Plasma
Contains
Deep red granules
Neutrophils (70%)
Function
Active and specialise in attacking bacteria
Nucleus
2-5 bead shaped lobes
Dense segmented nucleus
Plasma
Contains
pale granules
Contain
2 more items...
Hard to Stain
Basophils (1%)
Size
Smaller than both Neutrophil and Eosinphils
Function
Attracts more WBCs
Releases
Heparin (Reduces Blood Clotting)
Histamine (Dilates blood vessels)
Accumulate in damaged tissue
Plasma
Numerus granuels
Stain deep purple/dark blue with basic dyes
