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Planning, Organising, Leading & Controlling (Organising (Elements of…

- - - - – Defining the organisation’s goals
      - – Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals
      - – Developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities
      - – Concerned with both ends (goals) as well as means (strategy)
    - - Why plan?
        
        – Provides direction
        
        – Reduces uncertainty
        
        – Minimises waste and redundancy
        
        – Establishes goals and standards used for controlling
  - - - – Desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organisations
      - – Provide direction and performance evaluation criteria
      - – Multiple (e.g. financial, environmental, social)
      - – Stated vs. real
    - - – Documents how goals are to be accomplished and how resources are to be allocated
      - – Provides a map to arrive at a given destination with provision for detours
- - - - High specialisation
      -  Rigid departmentalisation
      -  High chain of command
      -  Narrow spans of control
      -  High formalisation
      -  Centralised
    - - Cross functional teams
      - • Cross hierarchical teams
      - • Free flow of information
      - • Wide spans of control
      - • Low formalisation
      - • Decentralised