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psych 108 (personality (sociocognitive view (self-efficacy (determine…

- - - - ask
        
        make sense of an ambiguous stimulus
      - assess personality & psychopathology
      - based on unconscious dimensions
      - Eg
        
        Rorschach test
        
        interpret ink-blots
        
        TAT
      - developed within clinical context
        
        highly subjective
      - scoring methods
        
        revised and more objective
        
        concerns about validity & reliability
    - - idiographic procedures
        
        individual
      - nomothetic procedures
        
        large numbers of people
    - - specific thoughts & behaviours
      - set of questions (can be modified)
      - hard to generalize
    - - behaviours
      - work best in judgement
    - - questionnaires
      - personality profile
      - easy to score & statistically analyse
      - social desirability
      - acquiescence (response bias)
  - - - concepts of 'personality' & 'self'
    - - Collectivism
        
        the needs of the group
      - Individualism
        
        needs of the individual
    - - the big five
  - - - T
        
        think & behave relatively consistently across situations
      - S
        
        thoughts & behaviours change with the situation
    - - interactionism
        
        in situations that are psychologically similar
        
        people will behave in similar ways
      - T & S influence our thoughts & behaviours
      - more narrowly a trait is defined
        
        the better it predicts behaviour
        
        BUT the fewer situations can be applied
      - personality influence how people
        
        encode
        
        remember
        
        perceive
        
        respond
      - people choose& creat their situations
        
        tend to choose environment that fits their personalities
  - - - external
        
        belief that things outside of the individual determine the outcome
        
        more likely to see control as coming from outside forces
        
        feel less personal resonsibility
        
        control correlates with
        
        cynicism
        
        depression
        
        more likely
        
        do not improve society
        
        blame others
      - internal
        
        individual's own actions
        
        lead to desired outcomes
        
        more likely to see control over events as coming from within themselves
        
        when situation is ambiguous
        
        feel personally resonsible
        
        more likely
        
        increase expectancies in response to success
      - define
        
        the source a person perceives to be exerting control over life's events
        
        determining the outcomes
      - more external locus of control
        
        tend to feel that their lives are out of their personal control
    - - positive
        
        a belief that can successfully perform a behaviour
      - determine
        
        persistency
        
        how outcomes affect future behaviour
        
        action
      - define
        
        the sense of being able to follow through
        
        produce specific desired behaviours
      - Bandura
        
        SE helps people believe in themselves
        
        their ability to change
      - high level
        
        more likely to persist at difficult tasks
    - - affected by thoughts
        
        helps shape social interactions
    - - affect
        
        feelings
        
        shape personality
        
        behaviour
        
        thoughts
    - - emphasis
        
        the power of the psychological situation
        
        the unique combination of potential behaviours & value of them
      - view
        
        the locus of control
        
        as a stable individual difference
    - - powerful influence on T, F and B on P
      - shaped by past experiences
    - - LoC
        
        if behaviour will affect the outcome
      - SE
        
        belief on ability to succeed in behaviour
  - - - the big five (OCEAN)
        
        agreeableness
        
        conscientiousness
        
        neuroticism
        
        openness to experience
        
        extraversion
      - Hans Eysenck
        
        neuroticism
        
        psychoticism
        
        extraversion
    - - enduring, stable qualities
      - relatively consistent
      - exhibited across a range of situations
      - exist on continuum with people at various positions
  - - - a set of behaviour, emotion and cognitive tendencies;
      - that people display over time;
      - and across situation that distinguish individuals from each other .
  - - - cognitive/ personal factors
        
        triangle/ interact (Bandura)
      - behaviour
      - environment
- - - - conscious
      - rational
    - - emotions
      - behaviours
    - - out attempt to influence others beliefs & attitudes about us
    - - define
        
        how we form beliefs and attitudes about others
      - effect
        
        primacy effect
        
        halo effect
    - - NOT the only theory (cannot perfect explain the forming)
      - define
        
        understand themselves
        
        by making inference from
        
        their behaviour
        
        events surrounding their behaviour
      - Harre (2003)
        
        behaviour & self perception operating through different channels
      - self-serving biases
        
        when SPs are 'distorted'
        
        that protect our self-esteem
    - - learned riskiness
        
        adjust & reflect
        
        unconscious
        
        mid-block dark-outs
    - - define
        
        an explanation for the cause of an event/ behaviour
      - 6 behaviours
        
        angry
        
        not pay attention
        
        acting cool
        
        in a hurry
        
        fun
        
        peer pressure
      - theory
        
        internal attributions (dispositional attribution)
        
        explanation focus on person's preferences
        
        external attributions (situational attribution)
        
        explanation focus on situation
      - self-thinking tendency
        (correspondence bias/ fundamental attribution error)
        
        internal positive
        
        external negative
      - above average effect
        
        consider themselves better than others
        
        self-serving bias
        
        measured on a population basis
        
        indicated by a skewed distribution
        
        reason
        
        cultural definition
        
        individualist
        
        collectivist
        
        selective memory
        
        ambiguous traits
        
        effects
        
        positive
        
        happiness & persistence
        
        negative
        
        complacency & risk-taking
  - - - sexual feelings/ confusion of feelings
      - key elements
        
        obsession
        
        wildly fluctuating emotions
        
        physiological arousal
      - cultural& historical context
        
        exist in most/ all cultures
        
        marriage-like relationships
      - involves
        
        arousal
        
        swing bridge study
        
        Romeo& Juliet effect (intensify)
        
        passion & war (transfer)
        
        a set of emotions & belief (cognitions)
      - key factor
        
        belief
      - syndrome
        
        reinterpretation
      - physical attractiveness
        
        halo effect
        
        judge more positive
        
        matching hypothesis
        
        settle into relationships with others who have a similar level of PA
        
        mostly not subjective
        
        influenced by other characteristics
        
        Buss
        
        men prefer traits of fertility
        
        fertile
        
        children
    - - affection for whom our lives are deeply entwined
      - key elements
        
        mutual trust
        
        care
        
        companionship
    - - intimacy
      - commitment
      - passion
    - - like
      - infatuation
      - empty love
    - - physical attraction
      - similarity & homohamy
      - repeated contact & mere-exposure effect
      - reciprocity
    - - avoidant
      - anxious-ambivalent
      - secure
    - - considerable genetic contribution
      - being lovable; smelling, looking cute
      - mom-child bond; universal
    - - performance - decision making
        
        group polarisation
        
        reasons
        
        info-influence
        
        social comparison
        
        distinctive
        
        conform
        
        group discussion encourages statement
        
        groupthink
        
        cohesive in-group
        
        process
        
        leader preference
        
        insulation of the group
        
        highly cohesive group
        
        invulnerability
        
        rationalisation
        
        pressure on dissent
        
        self-censorship
        
        illusion of unanimity
        
        few alternatives
        
        time pressure
        
        obedience
        
        explain
        
        inability to check out
        
        being others' agent
        
        commitment
        
        ingrained habit
        
        authority
        
        altruism
        
        Kin-selection hypothesis
        
        reciprocal altruism
        
        prosocial behaviour
        
        indirect reciprocity
        
        emotions
        
        bystander intervention
        
        diffusion of resonsibility
        
        situation
        
        similar
        
        ambiguity
        
        info social influence
        
        normative social influence
        
        physical danger
        
        time emergency
        
        personally responsible
        
        social role
        
        five stage model
        
        assume responsibility
        
        know what to do
        
        motivated to help
        
        notice
        
        perceive as emergency
      - conformity
        
        define
        
        change in belief/ behaviours
        
        to follow a group's norms
        
        info social influence
        
        use other as a guide
        
        normative social influence
        
        we want to fit in
        
        reasons
        
        info social influence
        
        non-conformity
        
        imitation
      - imitation
        
        social norms
        
        the rules that implicitly/ explicitly govern members of a group
        
        perceived norms
        
        people's perception of the social norm
        
        influencing their behaviour
        
        define
        
        copy other person/ social norm
        
        mirror neurons
        
        behavioural traces
        
        social roles
        
        behaviour in a group is expected to perform
        
        status hierarchy
        
        roles reflect distribution of power in a group
        
        Zimbardo's prison study
        
        tend to assume the attitude & behaviours associated with these roles
        
        deindividuation
        
        dehumanisation
  - - - the way we think about others
      - how we portray ourselves to others
    - - the way we act towards them individually and in groups
  - - - driving ability
        
        reflexes
        
        skills
        
        judgement
        
        experience
        
        men show more self-enhancement
      - driving caution
        
        not being as rsky
        
        obey rules
        
        safe
        
        women show more self-enhancement