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Research Methods Chpt 1 (Working Assumptions of Science (Causality (How to…
Research Methods Chpt 1
Ways of Knowing Something
Non-empirical Methods
Authority
Logic
Empirical methods
Intuition
Common sense
limitations
standards of common sense differ from time to time, place to place according to attitudes and experiences of the culture
it judges the truth based on whether it works
Science
Characteristics
Objective
Self-correcting
Empirical
Progressive
Tentative
Parsimonious
concerned with theory
Working Assumptions of Science
Regularity
world believed to follow same laws at all times & places
Discoverability
scientists believe it is possible to find out how the world works
Rationality
the world is believed to be understandable via logical thinking
Causality
all events are believed to have causes
How to establish a cause&effect r/s
Co-variation of cause&effect (when cause is present, effect occurs)
Elimination of alternative explanations (no other possible explanation for the effect except the cause)
Temporal Precedence (cause must come before effect)
Reality of the world
Assume the world is real
Goals of science
Discovery of Regularities
Discovering Laws
Search for Causes
Description
Development of Theories
must be falsifiable
Roles of Theories
Predicting new laws
Guiding research
Organising knowledge and explaining laws
Defining Theoretical Concepts
Operationism
Scientific concepts must be defined in terms of observable operations
Operational definition
Defining the keywords
Laws-->statement concerns only a single r/s bet variables
Theory--> set of statements abt r/s among variables