Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Pain/Comfort (Interrelated Concepts (• Cognition, • Mood and affect,…
Pain/Comfort
Interrelated Concepts
• Cognition
• Mood and affect
• Functional ability
• Culture
• Development
• Functional ability
• Issue Integrity
• Mobility
• Fatigue
• Sleep
• Mood and affect
Scope
Intensity
Frequency
Location
Inferred pathology
• Nociceptive
• Neuropathic
• Combination (nociceptive and neuropathic)
• Mixed pain syndromes
Duration
• Acute
• Chronic (persistent)
• Combination (acute and chronic)
Physiologic Processes and Consequences
• Triggers stress response
• Accelerated metabolic processes
• Impaired immunity
• Cardiovascular effect
• Respiratory system effects
Assessment
Patient Self-Report of Pain
• Location
• Intensity
• Quality
• Onset or duration
• Alleviating or relieving factors
• Effect of pain on quality of life and functional status
• Comfort function goal
Behavioral Signs of Pain
Breakthrough Pain
Reassessment
Assessment Challenges
Risk Factors
Populations at Greatest Risk
Older adults
neonates
Individual Risk Factors
• Chronic conditions (multiple)
• Acute or traumatic injury
• Medical procedures and treatments
Inability to communicate or speak (nonverbal)
Clinical Management
Hierarchy of Pain Measures
Obtain patient self-report.
Consider patient condition and exposure to painful procedures.
Observe for behavioral signs of pain.
Evaluate psychological indicators.
Conduct an analgesic trial.
Pharmacologic Strategies
to Treat Pain
• Non-opioid analgesics
• Opioid analgesics
• Adjuvant analgesics
Non-pharmacologic Strategies
• Massage
• Positioning and body alignment
• Splinting
• Thermal interventions (heat and cold)
• Mind–body therapies
Pain classification
Inferred Pathology
• Nociceptive
• Neuropathic
• Combination (nociceptive and neuropathic)
• Mixed pain syndromes
Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the person says it does.