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psych 109 (thinking& problem solving (key features of expert problem…

- - - - each states are clearly defined (eg. chess)
    - - not clear (eg. how to be more happy)
- - - - daytime vision
      - color vision
      - high acuity
      - 6 million cones in retina
      - foveal vision
      - density decrease in peripheral vision
    - - poor acuity
      - 120 million in retina
      - night vision
      - no in fovea
      - more plentiful in peripheral vision
    - - seeing with cones
      - high acuity
      - normal daylight
      - low sensitivity
    - - seeing with rods
      - high sensitivity
      - dark adaptation (slow)
      - low acuity
  - - - amplitude - brightness
      - wavelength/ frequency - color
      - electromagnetic rediation
      - 360-750 nm
    - - language
      - thinking
      - memory
- - - - rules/ grammar
    - - morphemes
        
        smallest unit of meaning
    - - phoneme: basic perceptual unit (smallest)
  - - - Wernicke's aphasia
        
        speech fluent but semantically empty
    - - Broca's aphasia
        
        speech slow, laboured&ungrammatical
- - - - monocular cues/ pictorial depth cues - more than bi !
        
        linear perspective
        
        shading
        
        motion parallax
        
        occlusion
      - binocular cues - view close objects
        
        bi convergence
        
        bi disparity
    - - shape, size
    - - the whole is more than the sum of its parts
      - holistic approach - emphasis on overall organisation
      - form/ entire figure
  - - - ventral
        
        what
        
        inferotemporal cortex
        
        for perception (conscious)
      - dorsal
        
        where
        
        posterior parietal cortex
        
        for action (rapid & non-conscious)
    - - primitive features
        
        the building blocks of perception
      - visual cortex
        
        Hubel & Wiesel: edges, color, movement
      - lobes
        
        temporal
        
        parietal
        
        occipital
        
        frontal
    - - cannot judge consciously
      - can reach& grasp
    - - clear visual signals, but failure to see
      - change blindness
        
        fail to notice major changes
        
        changes to objects of 'central interest'
      - inattentional blindness
- - - - dad-all men
    - - car-family car
  - - - Eimas - sucking technique
        
        'ba' from 'pa'
    - - prefer to hear mom's voice
    - - increased blood flow to left hemisphere
  - - - Chomskyan
        
        language is special& unique; emerged suddenly
    - - M.Corballis
        
        mental continuity between humans & animals
        
        gestural theory
- - - - interaction between amygdala &hippocampus
    - - arousal (Easterbrook)
        
        high - narrow attention
        
        low - broad focus of attention
      - anxiety
      - eye-witness memory
    - - positive emotions
        
        joy& interest promote play &exploration
        
        promote creative thinking
        
        broaden the focus of
        
        attention
        
        'thought-action' repertories
      - negative emotions
    - - effect of emotionally intense experience on memory
      - not immune to forgetting
- - - - deeply asleep
      - heart rate& breathing slow down
      - body temperature decrease
    - - breathing & heart rate fast & irregular; genital arousal
      - postural muscles are relaxed
      - rapid eye movement
    - - sleep spindles
      - 20 min
      - easy to awaken
    - - hypnic jerks
      - easy to awaken
      - 5 min
  - - - pure guesswork
      - good performance
      - by-pass V1
    - - semantic priming effect