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Adaptations to Cellular Growth (Hypertrophy (Skeletal muscle (Growth…
Adaptations to Cellular Growth
Hypertrophy
Skeletal muscle
Growth factors > PI3K/Akt/mTor in RAS > Transcription Factors > :arrow_up: Protein synthesis
Adipocytes
Uterus, myometrium [smooth muscle hypertrophy] via estrogen
:<3: Myocardial hypertrophy
Chronic hemodynamic overload (Htn or faulty valves)
:arrow_up: ANP & BNP
BNP = marker for CHF
alpha isoform (Type II fast fibers) change to Beta (Type I slow fibers) b/c more energetically efficient
Hyperplasia
Physiologic
Bone marrow hyperplasia after blood loss
Compensatory Hyperplasia of Liver
CC: Partial hepatectomy; transplant part of liver and will grow
Female breast during lactation
Pathological
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(Benign Glandular & Stromal Hyperplasia)
driven by androgens to stromal cells
HPV
creates E6 (destroys p53, slowing apoptosis) + E7 (inactivates pRB, increase cell division)
Grave's Disease
autoimmune abs bind stimulating hyperplasia of thyroid
Goiter
Iodine def., TSH increases to compensate for no TH
Hypertrophic scar
regresses over time
Keloid
does not regress & goes beyond border of original injury
Psoriasis
epidermal hyperplasia & proliferation from T-inflamm cytokines
Metaplasia
Squamous Metaplasia = COLUMNAR :arrow_right: SQUAMOUS
Squamous Metaplasia of Cervix
adaptation to acidic vagina; COMMON
Brochi & trachea in smokers
Stones in excretory ducts of Salivary gland, pancreas, bile duct
Vit A deficiency
Endometrial hyperplasia possibly seen
Some cancers
Metaplastic breast carcinoma
SQUAMOUS :arrow_right: COLUMNAR
Barrett's Esophagus
non-keratinizing squamous epi :arrow_right: non-cilliated, mucin secreting columnar epi with goblet cells (similar to intestinal mucosa)
H. pylori :arrow_right: Chronic Gastritis
loss of normal parietal cells that make acid
"Stromal" metaplasia (mesenchym)
Myositis Ossificans
Osseous metaplasia formation of bone in skeletal muscle
Formation of cartilage, bone, or fat in tissues that do not normally contain these
Assoc: Dystrophic Calcifications!
Dysplasia
Atrophy