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BACTERIAL GENOME :skull_and_crossbones: (Bt TOXIN (FUNCTION (cause…
BACTERIAL GENOME :skull_and_crossbones:
TRANSFORMATION
PLASMID
different segments
T DNA
allow gene transformation into plant cells
for genetically modified corn - desired genes are put in between T DNA
transfer and stabilize genes into a foreign genomes
replication
during replication, DNA forms
loop
bubbles
OriC
DNA sequence where DNA polymerase bind
origin of repication
ori of E.coli
ori of agrobacterium
promoter
kamamycin
bind to 30S subunit of ribosome
blocks protein synthesis in prokaryotes
kamamycin resistance gene
- eukaryote promoter - important in step 6 - homologous recombination :question:
antibiotic
streptinomycin
antibiotic
spectinomycin resistance gene
- prokaryote promoter - important for achieving transformation
in vitro, plasmids are easily lost without a selection marker or independently by the presence of the gene on the plasmid
ENGINEERED VECTORS
plasmid in the pTi:cry, plants are able to express bacterial gene
E.coli not express eukaryote gene
introns
different promoter
different enzyme for transcription
DNA TRANSFER
players
pTi:cry
modified gene
won't induce tumor
will transfer the cry gene
E.coli
replicate more pTi:cry gene because E.coli is good at replicating
Agrobacterium
bacterium present in soil
induce tumors in plants via trans-kingdom conjugation
transfer Ti plasmid
corn
DNA
STRUCTURE
SIMILARITIES
double-stranded
antiparallel
same nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)
DIFFERENCES
BACTERIA
circular DNA dispersed throughout the cell
1 chromosome
may have plasmid (mini extra chromosome)
usually not surrounded by nuclear membrane
some bacteria, DNA surrounded by single or doubled membrane
basic protein
HU
N-NS
no histones
EUKARYOTES
nucleosome with histones
chromatin
different chromosomes
ARCHAEA
have nucleosomes
different structure
different wrapping
REPLICATION
BACTERIA
one origin of replicaiotn
bidirectional replication
EUKARYOTES
multiple origins
more complex process
TRANSCRIPTION bacteria
RNA polymerase bind to promoter on the DNA sequence
initiate transcription
promoter is upstream of transcription start site
bacteria - transcription and translation are coupled
eukaryote - spatial & temporal
Bt TOXIN
HOW PRODUCED
bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
synthesize crystal toxins (Bt)
endotoxin
lives in soil
form endospores
bacillus anthracis
WHEN PRODUCED
formed with endospore in bacillus thuringiensis
one endospore for one toxin cell
FUNCTION
cause swelling & blebbing cells, kill the larvae
crystal is with the spore
crystal is activated inside the midgut of the larvae
crystal binds to the cell membrane and form a spore
DESCRIPTION
crystal toxins
insecticidal proteins
crystallize in the parasporal body
ENDOSPORES
DESCRIPTION
form when there's no nutrients
dehydrated cells with thick walls + additional layers
internal to cell membrane
resistant to
heat
UV
chemicals
desiccaiton
HOW PRODUCED
thru sporulation
sporogenesis
contain
structure
spore coat
cortex
core wall
exosporium
physiology
DNA
more compact form of B form
A (-) form
small amount of RNA
for dehydration
calcium ions
dipicolinic acid
small acid-soluble proteins
SAPs
for UV protection
for energy source during spore germination
FUNCTION
save the genetic material till there's enough nutrients to be fully functional
dormant spore
released when activated
PRODUCED WHEN NO NUTRIENTS
