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Unit 3 (Energy, Temperature, and Heat (Temperatue vs Heat (Heat is the…

- - - - Energy due to the motion of an object
    - - Energy due to the position or composition of an object
- - - - Bonds resulting from the attraction among oppositely charged ions
      - A bond resulting from when an atom that loses electrons reacts with an atom that has a high affinity for electrons
    - - Bond resulting from when electrons are shared by the nuclei
      - Polar Covalent Bond
        
        A bond where the atoms are not so different that electrons are completely transferred but are different enough so that unequal sharing of electrons results.
  - - - A molecule that has a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge
      - Water is polar which allows it to surround and attract both positive and negative ions
- - - - is positively charged
      - contains protons
      - contains neutrons
    - - is mostly empty space
      - contains electrons
  - - - Energy being transmitted from one place to another by light
      - Waves
        
        Wavelength
        
        The distance between two consecutive wave peaks
        
        Types of electromagnetic radiation differ in their wavelengths
        
        Frequency
        
        How many wave peaks pass a certain point per a given time period
        
        Wavespeed
        
        How fast a given peak travels through water.
        
        The relationship between wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves are represented by c = v λ.
        
        c = speed of light
        
        v = frequency
        
        λ = wavelength
        
        Photons
        
        Sometimes, light doesn't travel as a wave, but instead as a stream of tiny packets of energy. These tiny packets of energy are called photons
- - - - There are discrete energy levels
      - There are no energy levels between the discrete energy levels
- - - - i.e. 1s^2
    - - The electrons in the outermost(highest) principal energy level of an atom
        
        The group number shows the number of valence electrons
        
        Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in a given type orbital, but the orbitals are in different principal energy levels
    - - Inner electons
  - - - Correspond to filling the 3d orbitals
    - - The s orbital from the next level fills before the d orbitals in the current level
      - The lanthanide series corresponds to the filling of the seven 4f orbitals
      - The actinide series corresponds to the filling to the filling of the seven 5f orbitals
      - Group numbers indicate the sum of electron in the ns and np orbitals in the highest principal energy level that contains electrons.
  - - - Atoms get larger as you go down the periodic table, and they get smaller as they go from left to right across a period
      - The increase in size as you go down a column is because the principal energy level increases and the distance from the electrons to the nucleus also increases
    - - The energy needed to remove an electron from an individual atom in the gas phase
      - Metals have low ionization energies
      - Nonmetals have high ionization energies
- - - - Cation loses electron so it grows smaller
      - Anion gains electrons so it grows larger
- - - - Linear Structure
        
        180 degree bond angle
      - Trigonal Planar
        
        120 degree bond angle
      - Tetrahedral Structure
        
        109.5 degree bond angle
  - - - 180 degree bond angle
      - Straight line
    - - 120 degree bond angle
      - Electrons in corners of a triangle
    - - 109.5 degree bond angle
      - Electrons in corners of a tetrahedron
- - - - △E = q + w
        
        △E = change in internal energy
        
        q = heat
        
        w = work
    - - consist of a number(showing the change)
      - consist of a sign(indicating the flow of energy)
  - - - 1 cal = 4.184 J
    - - 1 cal = 4.184 J
    - - The amount of energy required to change the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.
        
        Q = s x m x △T
        
        s = specific heat capacity
        
        mass
        
        Q = energy(heat) required
        
        change in temperature
- - - - △H = enthalpy
        
        Subscript p = the process has occurred under conditions of constant pressure
    - - Device used to determine the heat associated with a chemical reaction
  - - - Characteristics of △H
        
        If a reaction is reversed, the sign of △H is also reversed
        
        The magnitude of △H is directly proportional to the quantities of reactants and products in a reaction.
- - - - The energy levels are then divided into sublevels
        
        Principal level 1 has one sublevel
        
        Contains one sublevel
        
        s
        
        Principal level 2 has two sublevel
        
        Contains two sublevels
        
        p
        
        Principal level 3 has three sublevel
        
        Contains three sublevels
        
        d
        
        Principal level 4 has four sublevel
        
        Contains four sublevels
        
        f
- - - - Applies only to hydrogen and helium
      - The first electron shell contains only two electrons
    - - The outer electron shell can only contain eight electrons
      - Applies to the rest of the elements
    - - Electrons not involved in bonding
  - - - Involves two atoms sharing one electron pair
      - Represented by one line
    - - Involves two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons
      - Represented by two lines
    - - Involves two atoms sharing three pairs of electrons
      - Represented by one line