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MANAGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (reasons for re-emergence of malaria (air…
MANAGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
reasons for re-emergence of malaria
air travel
globalisation, disease-causing organisms transported to new areas
occurred in areas non-endemic to malaria and among people who had not travelled or received blood transfusions
climate change
warmer climate, temperatures at higher altitudes increase
more places become favourable to mosquito breeding
resistance to anti-malarial drugs
due to counterfeit or incomplete doses of anti-malarial drugs, allowing surviving malaria parasites to grow resistant to the drug
existing malaria treatment becomes ineffective and it becomes more difficult to contain the spread
insecticide-resistant mosquitoes
mosquitoes able to build resistance against certain pesticides in a short period of time
challenges in managing
malaria
socio-economic
limitations of healthcare
caused by incomplete treatment of an infected person, malaria parasites develop resistance to existing drugs
population movements due to globalisation
efficient transport and communications
transmits diseases to new locations
ineffective
malaria control programmes because it is difficult to
monitor
the movement of people coupled with ease of transport
border control and travel advisories
environmental
climate change
controls the temperature and rainfall, lengthening the periods of
time
in which mosquitos can transmit and breed
monsoons
high rainfall, creating
long-lasting
pools of stagnant water
challenges in managing
HIV/AIDS
education
difficulties in HIV detection
there are no visible signs and people are unaware of the importance of testings to prevent further spread of HIV
coupled with limited
access
to healthcare
lifestyle choices
such as having unprotected sex and using injection drugs due to the unawareness of how HIV is transmitted
especially difficult to influence people
culture
social stigma
causes many to avoid being tested and receiving treatment, increasing speed of spread and difficulty of containment
inaccurate beliefs on transmission present in both DCs and LDCs leading to discrimination
#
because antiretroviral therapy does not completely cure HIV/AIDS, certain health professionals may believe that treatment is a waste of valuable resources
traditions in cultures
cause
individuals
to continue with risky lifestyle choices
#
social
population movement
high mobility across borders
economic
antiretroviral therapy
unaffordable
to many patients
although the drug is getting cheaper, transport costs and doctor appointments may still add to the overall cost
measures
individuals
education
being aware of transmission methods and exercise social responsibility, taking precautionary measures and refraining from making risky lifestyle choices
obtain the latest and timely vaccinations
communities
local scale
sanitation coverage
raising
awareness
and providing
affordable
sanitation options ;
sustainable
educate
the residents by ascertaining their existing understanding of dengue and their of mosquito-control practices, identify mosquito breeding sites
pinpoint epicentres
of outbreaks and locate infections to be targeted
government
precautionary
providing vaccinations
affordable
and
accessible
to all
thermal fogging
can be costly and must be regular but kills adult mosquitoes
mitigation
control
locating and quarantining the infected in hospitals while monitoring the health of the staff and restricting visitors
education
through campaigns and community outreach
international organisations and non-governmental organisations
provide strategies and actions to be taken by countries, communities, and individuals (scale)