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INFECTIOUS DISEASES (MALARIA (spread (environmental (overcrowded living…

- - - - limited provision & access to healthcare inaccessible, unavailable, and unaffordable due to great distances, people delay receiving treatment, which allows the disease to spread in the meantime
    - - overcrowded living conditions more interaction among people
        
        coupled with unhygienic conditions and improper infrastructure
      - climate with heavy rains, blocked water drains caused by accumulation of debris are cleared out, and malaria infection decrease temporarily
        
        post-monsoon period results in pools of stagnant water, leading to rises in malaria epidemics
      - natural disasters malaria incidences increase after disasters ie. water disasters - tsunamis, destructive disasters - earthquakes bursting water pipes
    - - lack of proper sanitation inadequate drainage systems and uneven grounds - allow stagnant water which provides favourable breeding grounds for mosquitoes #
      - lack of education unaware of the disease - no prevention measures taken
  - - - cost of healthcare governments set aside funds for the provision of healthcare to address the infected
      - loss of productivity in the long-run loss of productivity in the workforce, slow down economic growth
      - household expenditure on individuals and families, increased medical expenses
    - - death rate Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigeria accounted for over 40% of total global malaria deaths in 2010
      - infant mortality rate 14% of children born in Nigeria die from malaria within their first year of birth
        37.5% of infants die from malaria infection during pregnancy within their first year of birth
- - - - education LDCs uneducated on how the disease is transmitted, unable to protect themselves #
      - cultural practices young girls are and uneducated and unaware of the sexual awareness until marriage
      - social stigma lack of awareness of how it is transmitted, heavily discriminated against
      - medical malpractice contaminated containers and syringes, no effective blood screening before transfusions, unaffordable
    - - vice trades illegal drugs and commercial sex work; inaccessible to education and job training
      - mobility advancements in transportation allows disease to spread globally at a faster rate
  - - - life expectancy & IMR when prevalent in a country
      - orphan crisis children lose their parents to HIV/AIDS, individuals who care for orphans deal with added medical and living expenses, driving them deeper into poverty
        
        orphans themselves faced with inaccessibility to shelter, food, healthcare, and education - discriminated against and may also be infected with HIV/AIDS
    - - cost of healthcare antiretroviral drugs (do not cure but slow down progressions) can be expensive in both DCs and LDCs
        
        individuals drugs have to be taken daily for the rest of their lives, pregnant mothers have to go through screening before birth to reduce the risk of HIV/AIDS being passed down
        
        government allocate limited resources to care for patients, especially if providing subsidies; slows down economic growth and educational development #
      - loss of productivity long-term economic impact businesses are less likely to invest in places without proper infrastructure, unskilled labour force, and poor health