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Human Disease (Lesson 8 Neurological Disorders (Epilepsy (Treatments (Drug…

- - - - New classification of seizures type basic version
        
        Focal Onset
        
        Motor & Non-motor: Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic
        
        Generalized Onset
        
        Motor: tonic-clonic
        
        Non-motor: Absence
        
        Unknown Onset
        
        Motor: Toni-clonic
        
        Non-motor: Abscence
    - - Drug therapy
      - Surgery
  - - - Stage 1
        
        Mild symptoms that do not interfere with daily activites
        
        Tremor and other movement symptoms occur on one side of the body only
      - Stage 2
        
        Affects both sides of the body
        
        Walking problems and poor posture
      - Stage 3
        
        Loss of balance and slowness of movements are hallmarks
        
        Falls are common
        
        Impair activities
      - Stage 4
        
        Sever and limiting
        
        Movements may require walker
        
        Needs help with daily living
      - Stage 5
        
        Most advanced and debilitating stage
        
        Stiffness in the legs
        
        Hard or impossible to walk
        
        Wheelchair or bedridden
        
        May experience hallucinations and delusions
- - - - Exercises
      - Hormone replacement therapy
  - - - Osteoarthritis (OA) Degenerative
        
        Loss of cartilage cushion causes friction between bones leading to pain at rest or pain with limited motion. Leading to deformities.
        
        Treatments
        
        Weight reduction
        
        Avoiding exercises that exert excessive stress on the join or cartilage
        
        Medication
        
        Risk factors: excess weight, family history, age and previous injury
        
        Chronic pain
      - Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Autoimmune
        
        Chronic systemic autoimmune disease that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks joints
        
        Treatment and prevention
        
        Pharmacological
        
        Non-pharmacological
        
        Surgery
        
        Increasing with age
      - Gout, Metabolic
        
        Overload of uric acid in the body resulting in painful arthritic attacks and deposits of lumps of uric acid crystals in body tissues.
        
        Treatments
        
        1 Stage - Treating the acute attack
        
        Step 2 - Providing prophylaxis to prevent acute flares
        
        Step 3 - Lowering excess stores of urate to prevent flares of gouty arthritis and to prevent tissue deposition of urate crystals
- - - - Tobacco smoke
      - Aflatoxin
    - - Ultraviolet radiation
      - Asbestos
    - - Human papillomaviruses
      - Hepatitis B virus
  - - - Evidence of tumor
    - - Evidence of lymph nodes involvement
    - - Metastases
  - - - well-differentiated (less than 25% anaplastic cells)
    - - Moderately-differentiated (25-50% anaplastic cells)
    - - Moderately-differentiated (50-75% anaplastic cells)
    - - Poorly-differentiated or anaplastic (more than 75% anaplastic cells)
- - - - Controlling exposure to risk factors or increasing individuals' resistance to them
    - - Detect cancer at an early stage
    - - Use of treatment and rehabilitation programmes
  - - - Needle
        
        Aspiration of cells
      - Incisional
        
        Removal of a wedge of suspected tissues from a larger mass
      - Staging
        
        Multiple needle or incisional biopsies in tissues where metastasis is suspected or likely
      - Excisional
        
        Complete removal of the entire lesions
    - - Breast imaging such as mammogram
      - CT
      - Clinical nuclear medicine
      - MRI
      - Endoscopy
      - X-ray
      - PET scan
      - Radiography
      - Body ultrasound
- - - - Delusions and hallucinations that last longer than six months
        
        Causes
        
        Genetic Factors
        
        Perinatal Factors
        
        Psychosocial Factors
        
        Subtypes
        
        Paranoia
        
        Catatonic
        
        Disorganized
        
        Undifferentiated
        
        Residual
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Positive symptoms
        
        Appear to reflect the presence of mental features that should not normally be present
        
        Negative symptoms
        
        Include a decrease in emotions range, poverty of speech, loss of interest, and loss of drive
        
        Cognitive symptoms
        
        Impairment in attention, reasoning and judgment, and difficulty in processing information
        
        Disorganized symptoms
        
        Refer to disturbances in thinking, speech, behavior an incongruous affect
        
        Treatments
        
        Antipsychotic Medicine
        
        Psychosocial Intervention
        
        Electroconvulsive Therapy
        
        Hospitalization
        
        Sheltered, transitional or supported employment
    - - Symptoms of both a mood disorder, such as depression and schizophrenia
        
        Treatment
        
        Medications
        
        Antipsychotics
        
        Mood-stabilizing medications
        
        Antidepressants
        
        Psychotherapy
        
        Psychotherapy and counseling
        
        Family or group therapy
    - - A patient with schizophrenia with symptoms that last fewer than six months are diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder
        
        Atleast 1 month but less than 6 months
        
        Treatments
        
        Hospitalization
        
        Antipsychotic drugs
        
        Psyhotherapy
        
        ECT
    - - Last less than a month
    - - False, fixed belief involving real-life situations that could be true, last for at least one month
        
        Subtypes
        
        Persecutory
        
        Grandiose
        
        Erotomanic
        
        Somatic
        
        Jealous
        
        Treatments
        
        Medication
        
        Supportive and educational and psychotherapy sessions
        
        Hopitalization
    - - Elderly patients