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Muscular system (Stimulation of muscle (Twitch (7-100 millisecs) (Latent…

- - - - Begins at stimulation
      - Action potential sweeps across sarcolemma
      - Causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium
      - Before contraction
    - - Tension rises to a peak
    - - calcium levels are falling
      - active sites are being covered, active cross-bridges decreasing,
      - tension falls to resting
  - - - referred to incomplete tetanus
- - - - Calcium ions released from cisternae of Sarcoplasmic reticulum
      - Calcium binds to and changes shape of troponin molecule
      - Troponin molecule roles the tropomyosin from activation site
    - - Active sites are exposed
      - Energized myosin heads bind with them
      - Forming cross-bridges
    - - Myosin head pivots towards M line
      - Requires energy
      - Referred to as power stroke
    - - ATP binds to myosin head and breaks link to actin
      - Active site is now exposed again ready for formation of new cross bridge
    - - Free myosin head splits ATP to ADP and a Phosphate group
      - Energy released cocks myosin head
      - Cycle repeats
  - - - Action potential Runs down neuron, releasing acetal chlorine into synapse
        
        If action potential is strong enough sodium channels on sarcolemma open due to stimulation of the ach receptors and action potential is carried into cells via transverse tubules
        
        When this happens it triggers voltage sensitive cells on the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open releasing calcium ions into cell
        
        Calcium ions bind with proteins inhibiting actin from binding with myosin
        
        Myosin molecules bind with ATP and break it down into ADP and phosphate, causing it to go into cocked position
        
        Myosin binds to Actin
        
        1 more item...
        
        Acl is broken down ready for the next action potential
- - - - Long
      - Cylindrical
      - Striated
      - Multinucleate
    - - Connective tissue
        
        Combined within skeletal muscles
      - Neural tissue
    - - Stabilization and movement
      - lines entrance of...
        
        Digestive tract
        
        Respiratory tract
        
        Urinary tract
      - Generates Heat
      - Protects internal organs
    - - sarcolemma
        
        Plasma membrane of muscle fibre
      - Sarcoplasm
        
        cytoplasm of muscle fibre
        
        Within
        
        Sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        Location
        
        Where Transverse Tubules Surrounds myofibril
        
        Function
        
        Endoplasmic Reticulum of muscle cells
        
        Forms tubular network around myofibrils
        
        primarily transports calcium ions to terminal cisternae
        
        begins muscle contraction
      - Myofibrils
        
        Bundles of protein filaments
        
        Types of filaments
        
        Thin filaments (actin)
        
        Thick filaments (Myosin)
        
        attach to
        
        Inner surface of Sarcolemma
    - - Are large but contract simultaneously
      - Action potiential
        
        transmitted from sarcolemma through cell quickly
        
        Achieved by transverse tubules which are extended into sarcoplasm
      - Scale
        
        Myofilaments (Actin and Myosin)
        
        <Sarcomeres (Organised Units)
        
        <Myofibrils (10000 Sarcomeres
        
        <Muscle Fibre
        
        Contains
        
        Myosin and Actin (A+M)
        
        proteins that
        
        stabilise A+M
        
        Regulate interactions between A+M
        
        2 more items...
        
        Bands
        
        Dark bands (A bands)
        
        1 more item...
        
        light bands (I Bands)
  - - - Only found in the Heart
    - - Circulates Blood
      - Maintains Blood Pressure
        
        Hydrostatic pressure
    - - Cardiocyte
        
        Cell is smaller than skeletal muscle
        
        Branched network of interconnected muscle cells (joined at intercalated discs)
        
        Typically Single Nucleus
  - - - Found in the walls of
        
        Blood Vessels
        
        Digestive Tract
        
        Respiratory Tract
        
        Urinary Tract
        
        Reproductive Organs
    - - Moves
        
        food
        
        Urine
        
        Reproductive tract secretions
      - diameter of
        
        respiratory passages
        
        Blood vessels
    - - Small
      - Spindle-Shaped
      - Single nucleus
      - Fusiform in shape
      - Can divide and regenerate
    - - Myofibrils :red_cross:
      - Sarcomeres :red_cross:
      - Myosin Scattered throughout sarcoplasm
      - Actin attached to dense bodies
      - Dense bodies transmit contractile forces
- - - - Begins with muscles of the head
      - Weakness results from reduced amount of Ach receptors
      - Chronic Muscle fatigue from slightest exertion
    - - Shortage of Acetylcholorine receptors
      - Antibodies attack ACh receptors
        
        Autoimmune disease
  - - - Tropomyosin strands cover active sites on thin filaments
      - Thus preventing cross bridge formation
    - - Action potential reaches triad
      - Calcium ions released from cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
      - Calcium binds to troponin molecule
      - Troponin molecule roles the tropomyosin from the active site
    - - Myosin heads bind to active sites of F-actin
      - Contraction cycle begins