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BIOLOGY U4AOS1 (Evidence of Biological Change (Fossil Record (Represents…

- - - - Molds and Casts
        
        Casts are results of molds.
    - - Footprints
  - - - Lack of oxygen
        
        Specimen quickly covered to avoid oxygen exposure
        
        Highly mineralized water
  - - - Radiometric Dating
      - Luminescence
- - - - Cannot be passed onto future generations
    - - Can be passed onto future generations
    - - Polyploidy
        
        Possessing more than 2 complete sets of chromsomes
      - Aneuploidy
        
        Extra or missing chromosome as a result of non-disjunction during meiosis.
    - - Point Mutation
        
        A single nucleotide is affected.
        
        Nonsense
        
        Prevents translation
        
        Produces a shorter protein
        
        Creates a 'stop' codon earlier
        
        Missense
        
        Single nucleotide substitution changes the amino acid
        
        Substitution
        
        One nucleotide replaced by another
        
        'Silent' if it makes no difference to the amino acid produced
        
        Can be nonsense or missense
      - Block Mutation
        
        Change to an entire section of a chromosome
        
        Inversion
        
        Segment removed and replaced in reverse manner
        
        Deletion
        
        Portion of the chromosome is lost
        
        Leads to frameshift mutation
        
        Insertion
        
        Portion of a chromosome is removed and inserted into another chromosome
        
        Leads to frameshift effect
        
        Duplication
        
        Part of chromosome is copied, resulting in duplicate segments
        
        Translocation
        
        Segments of two chromosomes exchanged.
  - - - Physical
        
        Biological
        
        Chemical
        
        Sexual Selection
    - - Eventual increase in favourable allele frequency and decrease in unfavourable allele freq.
  - - - When an individual or population move from one population or another.
  - - - Bottleneck
        
        Reduced size for one generation where there are few survivors and the is a loss of alleles in the gene pool resulting in an unrepresentative sample of the original population
      - Founder
        
        New colony formed by few members of the original population
        Small population resulting in reduced variation and a non-random sample of genes from the original pop.
  - - - Large Population
        
        Random mating
        
        No gene flow
        
        No mutation
        
        No natural selection
    - - Small population
        
        Non-random mating
        
        Gene flow
        
        Mutations
        
        Natural Selection
- - - - Based on the assumption that DNA mutations occur at a constant rate
        
        Mutations may begin overlapping, skewing the clock
    - - Allows quantification of species divergence
        
        Can be used using little starting biological material
- - - - MORE BMP4 = LARGER BEAK
    - - MORE BMP4 = LARGER JAW