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SPECIFIC OF INTEGUMENTRY SYSTEM (SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (CAUSES (it is…
SPECIFIC OF INTEGUMENTRY SYSTEM
Bacterial disorder
FOLLICULITIS
defination: it is the inflammatory condition that affect the hair follicle and its appers as the red bump on each hair follicle occasional with the dot of pus on top.
CAUSES
Folliculitis is caused by the infectious organism e.g staphylococcus aureus
-irritating chemicals substances
-drugs, occlusive clothing
-physical irritants e.g shaving
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-itchiness of the skin
-burning skin
-large swollen pump on the skin
-pus-filled blister that breaks and the crust when popped
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
This is the histological presence of inflammatory cells within the wall and the ostia of the hair follicle,creating a follicular-based pustule
RISK FACTORS
-broken skin
-poor nutrition
-poor living conditions
-poor hygiene
-ill health
-individuals that are immuno-compromised
MEDICAL MANANGEMENT
benzyl peroxide can be used but in resistant cases the antibiotics pills can be used to clear the skin
NURSING MANANGEMENT
-clean the affected area with medicated anti-microbial soap.
-advice the patient to not shave the affected area as this may provide the secondary infection.
-use the systemic anti-biotics in cases of infection does not clear out within the local application.
HEALTH EDUCATION
-advice the patient to practice a good hygiene
-they must not shave using a razor
-keep skin moist and well hydrated
FURUNCLES
Defination:
this are painful pus-filled bumps that forms under the skin when the bacteria infects and inflame one or more of the hair follicles
CAUSES
-this are often caused by staphylococcus aures
-they also occur when there is a skin break by a small injury or a insect bite.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-painful,red bump that start about the size of a pea.
-red swollen skin around the bump
-development of yellow-white tip that eventually reptures and allows the pus to drain out
RISK FACTORS
-close contact with a person who has a staphylococcus infection
-diabetic patients,it makes it hard for the body to fight infections
-compromised immunity e.g pregnant women and HIV positive individual
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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IMPETIGO
DEFINATION:
it is the contagious superficial infection of the skin caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus. it commonly affect childrens of age 2-5 years
CAUSES
this disease is caused by the bacteria causing disease such as staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogones
RISK FACTORS
-childrens of age 2-5 years
-people living in warm humid climates
-people with diabetes
-patients undergoing dialysis
-compromised immunity e.g HIV positive individual
-patients with skin aliment such as aczsema
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-reddish spot on the skin often clustered around the nose and lips
-sores quickly grow into blisters.they ooze and burst and then form a yellowish crust
-sores are itchy and painful
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
this is the common bacterial infection in children.it is a highly contagious infectionof the superficial layer of the epidermis.this disease also occurs secondary to skin infection of existing skin lesion e.g abrasion or cut
HEALTH EDUCATION
--practice a good hygiene to avoid the spread of the bacteria by orientating the child to do hand washing.
-avoid skin-to-skin contact with people affected by the impetigo
-children's with impetigo should stay at home until they get better to avoid the spread of it
NURSING MANANGEMENT
-clean the skin with normal saline to remove crust
-apply topical antibiotic to promote healing
-advice the parents to practice good hygiene at home
-avoid sharing of clothes and towels at home to prevent the spread.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
medication such as augumentin and amoxicillin are very helpful antibiotics for the treatment of the impetigo they should be used for 5-7 days
psoriasis
DEFINATION: It is a chronic recurrent disease marked by epidermal proliferation
RISK FACTORS
-its is hereditary
-incidence high among white people
-hormonal changes
-obesity
-excessive alcohol drinking
CAUSES
-immune system: it is the result of the body affecting itself
-genetic:some people inherit genes that makes them more likely to develop psoriasis
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-soreness around patches
-red,raised, inflamed patches on the skin
-itching and burning sensation around patches
-thick pitted nails
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
this is thought to be familial with genetic and environmental aspect playing a major role. it is due to excessive proliferation of the epidermal cells which fails to mature as a results of a rapid cell passage from the basal layer of the skin surface.these immature cells becomes evidence as profuse plague of epidermal tissue
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
there is no known cure for this disease
NURSING MANAGEMENT
-administer prescribed medication to a patient
-enhance skin integrity.
-prevent infection from occurring
-instruct patient to avoid sun exposure
MALIGNANT SKIN TUMOURS
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
DEFINITION:
this is the cancer that grows on part of the skin that get a lot of sun
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-flat,firm,pale or yellow area similar to a scar
-raised reddish patch that might be itchy
-pink growth with raised edge at the center which might contain abnormal blood vessels spreading out like spokes
-open sores which might be oozing and they don't heal
RISK FACTORS
-chronic exposure to the sun e.g farm workers
-exposure to chemicals e.g industrial workers
-fair-skinned people with insufficient pigmentation
-family history of skin cancer
CAUSES
-Long term exposure to sunlight
-intense exposure leading to sunburn(ultraviolet light)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
this disorder is almost common to skin cancer in human,which typically appears over the sun-exposed skin as a slow-growing,local invasive lesion that rarely metastasize
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
-oral medication such as vismodegib and sonodegib even though they not safe for pregnant women
-creams and gels can be used e.g imiquimod
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
-biopsy is done to conform the diagnosis
-excisional surgery-removal of the entire growth with the surrounding boarder of apparently normal skin as a safety margin.
-radiation,X-ray beam are directed through the skin on the tumour
NURSING MANAGEMENT
LENTIGO MALIGNANT
DEFINATION:
this is the invasive skin cancer. it develops from the lentigo maligna.letigo maligna stays over the surface of the skin
CAUSES
the exact cause is unknown but sun exposure is the biggest risk factor for developing it
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-increased thickness of the skin
-profuse bleeding on the site of the cancer
-itching of the skin
-stinging of the skin
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
it begins as a solar tantigo malignant with slow radical growth confined to epidermis. malignant cells eventually invades dermis with rapid vertical growth
RISK FACTORS
-fair or light skin individual
-family history of skin cancer
-being a male
over 60 years of age individuals
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
the following procedures are done on the patient to fight the cancer cells from spreading:
-regional lymph node removal
-immunotherapy
-radiation therapy
-chemotherapy
HEALTH EDUCATION
the patient should avoid exposure to the sun for long time.they should practice a good hygiene and avoid cosmetics that have perfume
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
DEFINATION:
this is the carcinoma that develops on the area that have been exposed to the ultraviolet radiation and are common on the lips,hands and head
CAUSES
it is caused by DNA errors that disrupt an orderly pattern of dead cells pushed to skin surface and it results to squamous cell carcinoma
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-a firm, red nodule
-a flat sore with scaly crust
-a rough patch on the lip that evolve on the open sore
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The development of squamous cell carcinoma is frequently a multi-step process. early lesion tend to be either ectinic keratoses with a typia of the basal keratonocytic layer of the epidermis.
RISK FACTORS
-a fair skinned individuals
-excessive exposure to sun
-use of tanning beds
-individual with a history of sunburns
-weakened immune system
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
creams and lotions can be used to treat this disease
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
-biopsy is done to conform a diagnosis
-moh's surgery-its is the removal of the cancerous layer by layer until no abnormal cell remains
-radiation therapy-use high energy such as X-ray to kill cancer cells
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
DEFINITION:
this is the common type of melanoma,a potentially serious skin cancer that arise from pigment cell
CAUSES
-it is caused by the development of malignant pigment cell
-having a lot of moles
-UV exposure tend to occur on the neck,chest and back
-family history of melanoma
-middle age, it tend to occur in people of age 40-50 years
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
It can be identified by the following:
-Shape-it can be raised or flat and has an irregular shape and boarder
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
the development of melanoma is multi factorial and appears to be related to multiple risk factors,including fair complexion or sensitive skin to sun exposure.the presence of changing mole or evolving lesion on the skin and importantly
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
skin biopsy is done to make a diagnosis,for type 1 and 2 surgery is performed to remove the cancerous cells and for stage 3 and4 additional therapies are needed such as chemotherapy or radiation
HEALTH EDUCATION
-advice the patient to use protective clothing such as long sleeve and bright color clothes
-use the SPF15 sunscreen to protect the skin from sun rays
RISK FACTORS
-increasing age
-previous invasive melanoma
-fair skin that burns easily
-strong family history of melanoma
NODULAR MELANOMA
DEFINITION:this is the dangerous form of melanoma that grows quickly
CAUSES
-one main cause is UV light from sun and tanning beds
-the rays can harm the skin DNA but the damage happen over years
RISK FACTORS
-exposure to UV light rays because of the genotoxic effect
-tanning
-sunburn history
-pale skin that burns easily
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
it is an early onset invasion into dermis.it vertical grow and metastases.it has a rapid growth and has no radial growth phase
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
-lymph node surgery-this is done if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes and its needs to be removed
-radiation therapy ,its includes the X-rays to kill the cancer cells and its prevents the melanoma from returning
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
-chemotherapy-drugs are injected into the vein or taken by mouth and its travels in the veins to kill the cancer cells
-immuno-therapy -its boost the immune system that helps in destroying cancer cells
HEALTH EDUCATION
-advice the patient to use protective clothing when exposed to the sun
-patients should be advised to not spend a lot of time on the sun without using the protective clothing
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-it appears to be asymmetrical
-uneven boarder
-different colors on the skin
-spread or become large
VIRAL DISORDER
HERPES SIMPLEX
DEFINITION:
this is the infection that causes herpes it is contagious virus passed from person to person through a direct contact
CAUSES
-having unprotected sexual intercourse
-having oral sex with the person who has cold sores
-having genitalia contact with an infected person
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
-sores or blisters in the mouth or genitalia
-pain during urination
-itchiness of genitalia
-swollen lymph nodes
-fever
RISK FACTORS
-having multiple sexual partner
-having sex at a younger age
-being a female
immuno-compromised individuals
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
exposure to herpes simplex virus at the mucous surface permits the entry of the virus and the initiation of the replication in the cells of the epidermis and the dermis
NURSING MANAGEMENT
-local application of the antiviral ointments such as acyclovir helps the patient to heal
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
-there is no current cure for this virus and famcyclovir can be prescribes bur the sores can also disappear on its own
HEALTH EDUCATION
-avoid direct contact with the individual infected by this virus
-avoid sharing items like face cloth and clothes
-don't participate on the sexual intercourse during the outbreak
HERPES ZOSTER
DEFINITION:
this is the viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area
CAUSES
it is caused by herpes varicella which also causes the chicken pox
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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