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Bio Topic 4 - Biodiversity and Natural Resources (Classification (Taxonomy…
Bio Topic 4 - Biodiversity and Natural Resources
Plant Fibres
Function
Usage
Descriptions
Phloem
Function
Transports sugars, amino acids, minerals
Structure
Sclerenchyma
Function
Supports
Structure
Xylem
Function
Transports water in one direction
Structure - lignin etc
Core Practical
Tensile Strength of Plant Fibres
Essentially Hooke's Law where you stretch a length of fibre between 2 G-clamps and hang weights on the fire until it snaps
Tensile strength is the resistance of a material to breaking under tension (mass)
Translocation
the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant
via the phloem which can transport materials between the roots and the leaves in both directions relying on concentration gradients
Classification
Taxonomy
define
Linnaeus
Classified Animals on where they live, how they move and their size.
Animals with similar characteristics would be placed into the same groups
Problems
Convergent Evolution
Some organisms that are not closely related have independently evolved similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
e.g. birds and bats both look similar, wings for flying, to escape predators, to get food but aren't related
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Analogous Structures
These structures do not share a common ancestry but very similar because they have a similar function
Can lead to classification of organisms with no evolutionary relationships because the internal structure may be very different
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E.g. Birds and bats both use wings for the same purpose, to fly, but they evolved separately and have no evolutionary history
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Taxa order:
Order
Family
Class
Genus
Phylum
Species
Individuals which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
they also share observable characteristics (phenotype) and occupy the same biological niche
a niche is a role that an organism plays within its environment - what it preys on/ eats, how it interacts with its environment
Kingdom
Domain
Binomial Naming system = Genus, Species eg Panthera Leo
5 Kingdoms
Plantae
Fungi
Prokaryote
Animalia
Protoctista
3 Domains
Bacteria
Single Celled Organisms w/ no nucleus
Eukarya
contain nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Archaea
Single Celled Organisms with no nucleus
Hybrids
When 2 different, yet closely related species interbreed
the offspring aren't usually fertile and therefore the hybrid can't be classified
Phylogeny
Define
Phylogenetic trees (cladogram)
shows the evolutionary relationships between species and their common ancestors
Conservation
Captive Breeding Programmes
Disadvantages
Advantages
Seedbanks
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ecology
Measuring Biodiversity
Species Richness
Hardy Weinberg