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Art and the Human Body Journal (Roman: :ART: displayed art for the gods…

- - - - Has both male and female qualities, further showing the artistic importance of females in pre-civilization times, HORN of PLENTY
    - - Extremely powerful portrayal of a female, clear example of power of woman in terms of listed female qualities, meant to be taken as a totem for religious services for a tribe/society -- has continuous effect on the treatment and status of women in society
- - - - Mainly about religion: specifically the ceremonies and belief in the afterworld and beyond death, the belief in ka, the spirit of man, needing a body transformed art into a utility piece controlled by mathematics and stymieing any sort of individual artistic excellence, changed ONCE through time; art remained largely the same because culture remained largely the same, composite views and HIERARCHY of SCALE for importance and rank
      - Examples
        
        Palette of King Narmer: exemplary of early Egyptian art with composite view and a hierarchy of scale, very important through history because he unified Upper and Lower Egypt into one
        
        King Khafre: idealized manhood, robust and young man that is unaffected by the tragedies of age and life, used in grave as to preserve the spirit, has a bilateral symmetry of the body, very unrealistically realistic (if you know what I mean)
        
        King Menkaure and Khamerernebty: partnership of male and female, a tender depiction of companionship, idealized human form, a high level of realism (higher than other perfections depicted)
        
        Hippopotamus Hunt: composite view, hierarchy of scale, conceptually realistic, richness and fertility in the afterlife (so...the usual)
        
        The Different Art
        
        Common Folk
        
        Wood sculpture of Ka-Aper: lacks the pharaonic idealism, very realistic portrayal of a middle-aged man, composed of colored wood, shows prestige of man, expressive, lacks the hierarchy and the idealism and the richness that the emperors had
        
        Seated Scribe: limestone to show rank of man, expressive and detailed, lacks the idealism like the ones of emperors above -- similarities to the wooden sculpture of Ka-Aper
        
        The artistic blip brought on by Akhenaten
        
        The importance: this was a seismic shift of artwork as the religious and cultural focus changed due to emperor Akhenaten...pieces became more lively and more expressive, the divinity of emperors diminished for a more precise representation
        
        Queen Tiye: extreme realism in sculpture, wrinkles and such on her face, personality displayed of woman, made of wood, beautiful, yet charming/strong woman
        
        Sculpture of Akhenaten: all sculpture is similar in facial expressions, mix between man and woman -- possibly because it is meant to represent the emperor's dominion and rule over both men and women
        
        Aten, the Solar Disk: the new god during Akhenaten's rule, god is blessing the royal family -- depiction of a humanoid god that, with intimate and informal acts, blesses the royal family in its entirety, sunk RELIEF fragment of art, hierarchy of scale for god and man
  - - - Lyre Player: found in tomb; perhaps as a token, composed marble meant to have symbolic significance; not of optical realness
      - Female Figure: found in tomb like the Lyre Player, though not of optical realness; it does have the shape of a female and may correspond to fertility like many other pre-civilization myths
      - Fresco Art: popularity raised as European tribes stabilized into genuine civilizations (Minoan), the fresco during this time was wet fresco where painted on wet plaster dries to reveal shapes and colors
        
        Boys Boxing and Antelope: found in ordinary people's homes, perhaps to represent a sport, full of action and entertainment, men are brown; women are white
        
        Bull Leaping Fresco: very well made, true Minoan art (one of first known European civs.) bull worship -- Europa story -- perhaps depiction of ritualistic games that would be predecessors to the olympics and/or gladiator fights
    - - Apulu: lively figure with action and some emotion, quite realistic, lacks the Greek nudity, not a stiff bodily stance like that of Egypt or Mesopotamia
      - Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple: more liberal gender roles, male and female intimacy, has an action behind it, well-made and well-crafted to fit a languid sort of emotion in the sculpture
- - - - Mantiklos Apollo: crude, basic human anatomy, strange hairstyle and appearance, nudity, EARLY -- extremely sexist and patriarchal
      - Lady of Auxerre: identical to the early Mesopotamian art of women, little true expression and detail, had to be clothed, bright colors that died down later
      - Metropolitan Kouros: looks Egyptian (the stance, hairstyle) but has the Greek nudity, celebrating excellence of male human beings
    - - Attic Red-figure Krater: (Euphronios: changes the game, evolved paintings to onto a vase -- flipped the color contrast) has shading and spatial awareness to try to suggest a 3D figure, not yet fully achieved, but getting closer
      - Kritios Boy: crucial sculpture of man through all of time, blank stare/expressionless -- severe style, good detail added, muscle and grooves and organs displayed with precision, looks like a young boy with its detail and positioning, FIRST sculpture to display realistic standing: contrapposto standing
      - Amphora with Achilles and Ajax: black figure style (vase painting), Attic vase that has reddish hues, black glazing on non-black, in profile and easy to do, still left in 2D
      - Dying Warrior: (fifty years after above) much more realistic, though still has the archaic smile; it has tendons, veins, bones and better positioning in just 50 years, has more emotion (pathos), short hair, renovation of Fallen Warrior
      - Kore
        
        Peplos Kore: much more simplistic than the Dying Warrior and the Kritios Boy, lacks expression and detail beside some on the hair and clothes, textureless and crude
        
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        Kore (Athens): much more detail and spatial awareness than the Peplos Kore, has more texture and expression despite the archaic smile, body under the cloth
      - Fallen Warrior: start of a movement towards realism; impressions of muscle, bone and tendons but lacks facial synchrony and bodily position, misses the dying point trying to be represented, on the western pediment of Temple of Aphaia
    - - Riace Warriors: tremendous detail, contrapposto, precision on the anatomic figures and perfection (down to a math), muscles and tendons and personality is on full display with grooves and detail, made of bronze, photographic realism
      - Zeus (Cape Artemision): perfect physique, put more into action than the Riace Warrior sculptures, mathematical anatomic detailing
      - Polykleitos’ Doryphoros: the image of high-classical Greece, marble copy done, the sculptor wrote a book about the ability and craftsmanship of the perfect male, the detail is better than I could do in a bazillion years, the head is 1/7 of the rest of the body, opposition of muscles
      - Myron’s Discobolus: perfection paired with a body in action, the twist of the body is excellently displayed, veins of hands and the tendons beside the ankle bones
        
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      - Herakles at Rest: terrific display of manliness with the (now) standard perfection, shows specific emotion and state of exhaustion -- now humanized, less godly, the wrinkles on the hands and the shapes of apples in the palms
      - Lapith and Centaur: (metope, frieze) introduction of true movement with dynamic figures, diagonal shape to show stone “move” and strain, shifting human and animal together, on Parthenon frieze
      - Apoxyomenos: fig leaf added by the Romans, repeats the High-classical perfection, the gesture is new, positioning forces viewer to move around to see the various perceptions
    - - Victory of Samothrace: Athena shown upon a boat, the wind is pressing upon her body and is almost shown with rock -- cloth is pressed against her figure
      - Venus de Milo: just beautifully done and meant to be looked at, slight eroticism shown with nudity
      - Laocoon and his Two Sons: a masterpiece of tension and movement, body is tormented and tortured, excellent show of detail on, basically, everything from man to snake
      - Aphrodite, Pan, and Eros: sexual display, decadent Greek sculpture, tremendous skill but has deviated from the unearthly perfection or the human emotion
      - Boxer at Rest: excellent statue with human emotion and appears worn by life, does not have the perfection of the classical period of art, physiological exhaustion (like Hercules, but less perfect), an ordinary man
  - - - Doric: simplest architecture, columns are together and without a base, distinctive frieze sculptures around, small, one-frame metopes, all comes together in a story of beauty and bold unity
      - Ionic: smaller buildings and more refined interiors. volutes on the columns of Ionic temples, had continuous rows of sculpture different from the Doric metopes
- - - - Constantine: got the Roman Empire under control, unified them all together, moved Roman capitol to Constantinople (Byzantine Empire: lasted almost a millenia, main entity of Christianity, distinctly Greek)