Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chemical Reactions of alkyl halides (Nucleophillic substitution reactions …
Chemical Reactions of alkyl halides
Nucleophillic substitution reactions :recycle: :
\(KCN + R-X --> RCN [Cyanide (nitrile)]+ X^-\)
\(AgCN + R-X --> RCN [Iso cyanide (isonitrile)]+ X^-\)
\(KNO_2 + R-X --> R-O-N=O[Alkyl nitrile] + X^-\)
\(AgNO_2 + R-X --> R-NO_2[Nitro-alkane] + X^-\)
Reacts with aqueous alkali to form alcohol
With moist AgO they form alcohols, and with dry AgO they form ethers
With a strong base like sodium ethoxide, ethers are formed
When R-X reacts with ammonia, we'll get a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines as well as quaternary ammonium salts
R-X with R-COOAg forms ester
With sodium salt of any terminal alkyne, it forms a higher alkyne \(R-Cl + R'-C~Na --> R'-C\equiv R\)
With \(AgNO_3, RNO_2\) is formed
With \((C_6H_5)_3P, R(C_6H_5)_2^+X^-\) salt is formed (Wittig's synthesis)
With soda azide, the alkyl azide is formed
\((CH_3)_3CBr --(C_2H_5OH)--> (CH_3)_3COC_2H_5\) (pKa of ethanol = -7) (Substitution occurs instead of elimination at less basic conditions)
Elimination reactions (\(beta\) - elimination reaction) :no_entry:
\(C_2H_5-CH=CH-CH_3 (81-percent) <--(OH^-)-- (C_2H_5-CH_2-CHBr-CH_2-H) --(OH^-)--> C_2H_5-CH_2-CH=CH_2 (19-percent) \)
\((CH_3)_3CBr --(C_2H_5ONa)--> (CH_3)_2C=CH_2\) (pKa = -16)
With alcoholic KOH, corresponding dehydrohalogenate is formed
Reaction with metals :fountain_pen:
\(RMgX+H_2O --> RH + Mg(OH)X\) RBr + Mg --(dry ether)--> RMgBr
2RX + 2Na --> RR + 2NaX (Wurtz reaction)
With Zn instead of Na in Wurtz reaction, it's called Frankland reaction
With Li, forms lithium reagent (R-Li)
On reduction with \(LiAlH_4\), alkane is formed