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plant kingdom (vascular (pterophytes & lycophytes (ferns, fern allies)…

- - - - gymnosperms
        (softwoods--no vessels)
        
        seed naked on scales
        air borne pollen
        monoecious or dioecious雌雄
        vascular system
        well developed roots
        oldest and largest living organisms
        
        sporophyte (diploid)
        
        remain dormant for long periods
        transported by animals, wind,water
        
        gametophyte (haploid)
        
        male and female
        2n to n by meiosis
        after pollination to produce seed
      - angiosperms
        (hardwoods--vessels, fibres, cells, tracheids)
        
        monocots
        
        3's
        leaf veins parallel叶脉平行
        vascular bundles scattered疏散
        no secondary thickening
        only fibrous roots 纤维根
        pollen grains--1 pore 花粉粒有一个气孔
        
        eudicots
        
        2, 4, 5's
        leaf veins reticulate
        vascular bundles ring
        secondary thickening
        tap & fibrous roots
        pollen grains--3 pores