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Week 4: News and Journalism - (Lecture (2. Profession, institution,…

- - - - The social purpose of journalism is "to provide people with the information they need to be free and self-governing" (Kovach and Rosenstiel 2007, 12-13)
      - Obligations of truthfulness and verification; loyalty to citizens; independence from those they cover; their role as monitors of power; providers of a forum for public criticism and compromise (public sphere)
      - The rights and reponablities of citizens (civic sphere)
    - - Capitalism, democracy, mass media
      - Cornerstones of 'Modernity'
      - Fourth estate: "there were three estates in parliament; but, in the reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far then they a;;" (Edmund Burke, in Carlyle. 1840)
      - 19th Century
        
        For Democracy: to provide public (as citizens) with information they need to participate in the democratic process.
        
        For capitalism: to provide public ( as entrepreneurs) with information to participate in free market (ie, free from government controll)
        
        Inverted pyramid and yellow press.
      - 20th Century
        
        Objecticity norm
        
        Access to comment and criticism
        
        Public's rights to know
        
        Rise of PR
        
        Advertising
        
        24-hour news cycles
      - 21st Century
        
        Trends
        
        The explosion of participative journalisum and UGC
        
        The rise of audience research by media companies
        
        The proliferation of personalised news delivered online and on mobile devices
        
        The development od new forms of story telling
    - - Wider political,socila, legal and cultural framework (1)
      - News organisation (2)
      - Individual knowledge and values (shoemaker and Reese 2014) (3)
    - - Disseminates political information
      - Provides a forum for public debate and discussion
      - acts as a 'watchdog' to those in authority
    - - Requires close professional relationship with the politicians covered
      - Primary definers
      - spinning the news
      - getting the agenda
      - censorship
      - patriotism
  - - - Maximizes profits , minimize costs
      - The need to maintain audiences in a "buying mod", content tends towards infotainment
      - The importance of not 'biting the hand that feeds you"
      - What is the commodity sold in the news business
    - - Institutions
      - Regulations
      - Rules
      - norms
      - agents
      - interaction
    - - Institutions practise of representation: BBC
      - Claim to truth: Two injured in serious crash north o Auckland
      - Nroms support social structuring of meaning: Accurate, fair , balanced, objective
      - The "feel of the game' of the ' practise sense. allows a journalist to operate inside the field : witness s, officials
      - Expetise in representation of realitiy: aperture cottage
  - - - mirror of reality
      - report on current events
      - organised collection, processing and sdtibution of news and current affairs material
      - Work that seeks to provide a truthful account of the contemporary world
      - Profession, institution, people, text, set of practices (Zelizers 2014)
        
        This is what journalism is seen as .
    - - Information about an event or issue that is sheared with others in a systematic and public way.
      - Information that is new about that world, whether in terms of fact or opinion based upon that fact (Shapiro 2014)
      - Profession, institution, people, text, set of practices (Zelizers 2014)
  - - - Editorial autonomy, defined as control over work, as part of western debates about journlaisim authority and freedom from political and commercial pressures
      - Journalists must be autonomous if they seek to be perceived as credible and legitimate professionals
      - The independence of th journalistic profession as a whole (external), as well as the freedom of the individual journalists in doing thier dailty work (internal)
    - - Involving people, practise and place.