Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
CONDITIONS IN CHILDREN (GASTRO ENTERITIS (CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS…
CONDITIONS IN CHILDREN
GASTRO ENTERITIS
CAUSES
Infectious agents e.g. viruses, bacteria
-
-
-
-
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
IT'S INCLUDE
-
-
IV rehydration
-
patients should be administered a bolus of 20-30 mL/kg lactated Ringer (LR) or normal saline (NS) solution over 60 minutes.
-
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
By providing a 1:1 proportion of sodium to glucose, classic oral rehydration solution (ORS) takes advantage of a specific sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT-1) to increase the reabsorption of sodium, which leads to the passive reabsorption of water
Even in severe diarrhea, however, various sodium-coupled solute co-transport mechanisms remain intact, allowing for the efficient reabsorption of salt and water.
There is a release of toxins that bind to specific enterocyte receptors and cause the release of chloride ions into the intestinal lumen, leading to secretory diarrhea.
There is damage to the villous brush border of the intestine, causing malabsorption of intestinal contents and leading to an osmotic diarrhea.
DIET THERAPY
In general, children with gastroenteritis should be returned to a normal diet as rapidly as possible;
-
-
-
-
POST-OPERATIVE
-
-
Perform the general examination (to identify any underlying pathology) and the airway examination (to predict the difficulty of intubation)
If appropriate, the area relevant to the operation can also be examined
.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
-
-
NURSING DIAGNOSES
-
-
-
-
-
Risk for infection related to inadequate secondary defenses or insufficient knowledge to avoid exposure to pathogens.
NURSING ASSESSMENT
Physical examination
lips and mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Assess for vomiting. Inquire about recent feeding patterns, nausea, and vomiting
-
-
INTUSSUSCEPTION
-
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
It is believed to be secondary to an imbalance in the longitudinal forces along the intestinal wall.
As a result of an imbalance in the forces of the intestinal wall, an area of the intestine invaginates into the lumen of the adjacent bowel.
The invaginating portion of the intestine (ie, the intussusceptum) completely “telescopes” into the receiving portion of the intestine (ie, the intussuscipiens)
If the mesentery of the intussusceptum is lax and the progression is rapid, the intussusceptum can proceed to the distal colon or sigmoid and even prolapse out the anus.
-
-
-
-
POST-OPERATIVE CARE
-
The child must be inserted a nasogastric tube in their nose which will help keep their stomach empty while the bowels heal.
Monitor the following
-
-
-
-
Bowel sounds,stool,and abdominal distention
-
-
DESCRIPTION
Intussusception is a process in which a segment of intestine invaginates or telescopes into the adjoining intestinal lumen, causing bowel obstruction
-
-
PYLORIC STENOSIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the 2 (circular and longitudinal) muscular layers of the pylorus occurs, leading to narrowing of the gastric antrum.
The pyloric canal becomes lengthened, and the whole pylorus becomes thickened.
-
in advanced cases, the stomach becomes markedly dilated in response to near-complete obstruction
-
-
-
-
DIET THERAPY
Feeding can be initiated 4-8 hours after recovery from anesthesia,
-
however, they do vomit more frequently and more severely, leading to significant discomfort for the patient
-
PRE-OPERATIVE
-
-
-
The child must be given additional fluids to improve the dehydration and correct abnormalities of the electrolyte (mineral) levels in the blood stream.
POST-OPERATIVE
-
-
-
-
Report Spreading redness, drainage (leaking fluid) from the surgical wounds that looks like pus
DESCRIPTION
Pyloric stenosis is characterized by hypertrophy of the circular muscle fibers of the pylorus, with a severe narrowing of the lumen.
CROUP
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
-
-
Inflammation and edema of the subglottic larynx and trachea, especially near the cricoid cartilage, are most clinically significant.
Histologically, the involved area is edematous, with cellular infiltration located in the lamina propria, submucosa, and adventitia.
This narrowing results in the seal-like barky cough, turbulent airflow, stridor, and chest wall retractions.
-
-
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
-
-
Respiratory symptomsWithin 1-2 days, the characteristic signs of hoarseness, barking cough, and inspiratory stridor develop
-
-
NURSING MANAGEMENT
-
NURSING DIAGNOSES
Ineffective airway clearance related to presence of thick, tenacious mucus, and swelling or spasm of the epiglottis
Deficient fluid volume related to decreased ability or aversion to swallowing, presence of fever, and increased respiratory losses
-
-
-
-
DESCRIPTION
Croup is a common, primarily pediatric viral respiratory tract illness
-