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Digestive system (Digestive system Anatomy (Health history And Clinical…

- - - - Pain-The pattern, frequency, duration, location, nature of pain in the esophagus , colon ,stomach, intestine and rectum which occurs during defaecation , vascular disorder, eating and rest.
      - Indigestion-The patient may feel pains while indigest food via mouth or during esophagial peristalsis
      - Vomiting and neusea-usually occurs after eating, odour and vomiting of blood may occur after hemorrhage and appear bright red and coffee brown blood if it has reached the stomach.
      - Change in stool characteristic and bowel abnormalities –includes melena(dark brown stool) when theres a bleeding on upper gastrointestinal and bloody stool if there’s a bleeding on lower
  - - - The should inspect the mouth , buccal mucosa for ulcers, nodules, discoloration, swelling and inflammation are noted, abdomen ,rectum and anus, and should inspect the colour of the skin, any scars from previous surgery, should the contour and symmetry of the abdomen.
      - The nurse should perform auscultation to hear bowel sounds and the peristaltic reflexes sounds heard between 5-20 secs are normal …hypoactive if heard after 2mins .. hyperactive if heard more sounds in less than 5mins… absent if no sound in 3-5mins
      - The should perform palpation for tenderness and to note any swelling and to note areas of discomfort and reassess rebound tenderness and release pressure quickly to elicit rebound tenderness.
      - The nurse should perform percussion for tympany
      - Should assess rash, opening fistula, external haemorrhoids on the anus
  - - - -Upper gastrointestinal-Barium Swallow and Fluroscopy and X-ray to detect tumors,ulcers,diverticula,varices
      - -Lower Gastrointestinal-Barium Enema for tumours,polyps and other lower bowel inflammation
      - -CT Scans-for diverticulitis, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis and appendicitis
      - -Magneting Resonance Imaging for Soft tissues Imaging
      - -Scintigraphy-For measuring red and leukocytes
  - - - -The pus is collected in the apical peristoneum to the surrounding apex of the teeth
      - It has two forms:
      - -Acute- is usually a secondary pupularatitive pulpitis where by the infection of dental pulps is extended to the apex foramen .
      - -Chronic-The dental caries infection extends without noticed and it appear when the damage has grown.