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AQA GCSE Chemistry (C12 (Chromatography (Chromatography is a technique…

- - - - Calcium, Magnesium, and Aluminium hydroxides are white
      - Copper precipitates are blue
      - Iron2+ ions form green preicipitate
      - Iron 3+ ions form brown precipitates
    - - Add nitric acid to the solution plus some silver nitrate. The precipitate should be a compound of silver and a halide. Chloride is white, bromide is cream, and iodide is yellow
    - - White precipitate formed by HCl+BaCl+solution. The precipitate should be white if there are sulfate ions
- - - - Electrons have a negative charge, and have nearly no mass
      - Protons have a positive charge, and a relative mass of 1
      - Neutrons have no charge and a relative mass of 1
- - - - Sodium
        
        Alcohols react with sodium to produce a salt and hydrogen
      - Burning in air
        
        Alcohols burn to produce water and carbon dioxide
      - Added to water
        
        Alcohols do not react with water but smaller alcohols do dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
      - Oxidation
        
        Alcohols can be partly oxidised to form carboxylic acids
  - - - Adds monomers together with no waste products
    - - Adds monomers and leaves over small molecules, water is the most common
  - - - Condensation polymerisation to form polypeptides and water
    - - Made of four different nucleotides, cellulose, and starch
- - - - They contain Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds.
        
        Ammonia is often used and is produced through the haber process(see above)
        
        Phosphorus compounds are produced through reactions with phosphoric rocks.
        
        P Rock +
        
        Nitric acid = Calcium nitrate
        
        Sulfuric Acid = calcium phosphate + calcium sulfate
        
        Phosphoric acid = calcium phosphate
        
        These compounds are used in fertilisers:
  - - - Composites are combinations of materials that have greater properties than just one of them would have. They usually consist of a matrix and a binder eg steel rods and concrete make up reinforced concrete.
        
        The binder/matrix has the job of reinforcing the the fibre or fragment, such as woodchip board. The wood chips are the fragments and fibres, and the adhesive is the binder/matrix
        
        Examples include,concrete, carbon fibre deposits, composite wood and natural wood.
    - - Polymers are made of long chains of molecules, and they have different properties depending how they are produced.
        
        For example, Ethene monomers are used to make cling film and buckets. The lower density polythene is made under 2000 atmospheres at 200C with oxygen catalysts, whereas higher density polythene is made under 2 atmospheres at 60C with a catalyst.
        
        There are two main groups of polymers : Thermosoftening polymers, and thermosetting polymers
        
        The names are fairly self explanatory: Thermosoftening stuff can be melted and reformed, but Thermosetting plastics can't.
    - - Made by heating and firing clay in a furnace. eg Glass, pottery
        
        Most of the glass we use is soda-lime glass, which is made from limestone, sand and sodium carbonate. Lab kit is mainly borosilicate glass, which uses boron trioxide in addition to the above ingredients. Borosilicate glass is used because it has a higher melting point.
    - - Alloys are compounds that combine two or more metals
      - Pure gold is 24 carat. However, gold can be combined with less expensive metals to increase durability and reduce price. It increases durability due to the fact gold is a very reactive metal.
      - Impurities are often added to increase a metals hardness. When a metal is pure it is often weaker. Due to the different sizes in atoms, when a metal is 1% impure it is a lot tougher.
        
        Steel is made by adding carbon to iron. However, as more carbon is added the steel becomes more brittle. Therefore you should only add enough to make it hard.
  - - - Galvanising is when iron is coated in zinc to prevent rusting. Galvanising is a form of sacrificial protecc
      - Sacrificial Protection works by coating iron or steel in a more reactive metal, causing the more reactive metal to be oxidised instead of the iron or steel. The same can be applied to tin, but if the protection is damaged the tin rusts more quickly than if it wasn't protected.
- - - - Simply put, this means that changing concentration, temperature or pressure will affect the direction and yield of a reversible reaction.
- - - - Alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2
      - Longer Alkanes are More viscous, less flammable and have a higher boiling point
      - Longer(and less useful) alkanes can be cracked into shorter alkanes and alkenes