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Key Individuals (Economy (Reutern (1862-1878), Alexander Abaza (1880-1881)…

- - - - Reorganised zemstva (1870)
        
        Wanted to develop the zemstva but keep the nobility powerful
      - 1866-1881
      - The big 5 Shuv es against freedom and democracy
        
        Made sure conservatives gained posts
        
        Brought in tighter controls of students
        
        Tightened censorship, closed down periodicals/newspapers
        
        Made use of military courts (outside the legal system)
        
        Increased use of rule by decree
  - - - Between 1901-1903 he set up pro-government trade unions
        
        Supported by people like Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
        
        Were shut down for fear of power to the people
        
        However, Nicholas II didn't pass any tangible labour legislations
  - - - Statute of Police Surveillance (1882)
        
        Government has the power to deem any area of the empire an area of subversion and can arrest anyone they think committed or is connected to a crime
  - - - Statute of State Security (1881)
        
        Government has the power to...
        
        ...prohibit gatherings of more than 12 people
        
        ...close schools, universities, newspapers
        
        ...introduce emergency police rule where they believe public order is at threat
        
        ...set up special courts outside the legal system
      - 1881-1884
      - Censorship law (1882)
        
        Government has complete control over literature and publications
    - - 1884-1893
      - Zemstva Act (1890)
        
        Powers of zemstva largely given to the Ministry of Interior
        
        Power to Interior!
        
        Provincial governors could veto and amend zemstva decisions
        
        Power to Provincial Governors!
        
        Drastic decrease in power for zemstva
        
        Favoured landowners over peasantry
        
        Power to the Rich!
        
        Remember by: the name Zemstva Act seems to give power to the zemstva, but it's actually given away to 3 different things (Interior, Provincial Governers, and the Rich)
      - Municipal Government Act (1892)
        
        50% of people (peasantry) lost right to vote in zemstva
- - - - 1866-1880
      - Ministry of Education took greater cintrol over the running of primary schools
      - Reduced the powers of the 1864 school boards which were often dominated by liberal zemstva representatives
      - Latin/Greek was favoured over more modern subjects
      - Required a classical education to attend university (this largely excluded the lower classes)
      - Students in revolutionary groups were expelled
    - - 1882-1889
      - "Temporary Regulations" limited freedom of press (were not temporary)
        
        Land Captains (1889)
        
        Members of the nobility chosen by the government to keep control in the countryside. They had power to override district courts
  - - - Zemstva took over the running of schools from the church
      - Opened new primary schools
        
        8000 primary schools in 1856 increasing to 25,000 in 1879 ( 1 million pupils)
      - Universities regained the right to govern themselves
        
        Could choose their own courses, pick teachers
        
        More students from lower classes
        
        Student numbers increased from 6000 to 16000 between 1865-1899
  - - - Told schools not to admit poor students because they don't belong (in 1887), however, this wasn't really followed
        
        By 1914 39% of university students and around 50% of secondary school students came from poorer social backgrounds
      - University Statute (1884)
        
        Teachers had to be appointed by the Ministry of Education for 'religious, moral and patriotic' grounds, not academic ones
        
        Patriotism!
        
        Female courses at universities ceased
        
        No females!
        
        Groups of more than 5 students was prohibited
        
        5 only!
        
        Secondary school fees increased to exclude lower classes
        
        School fees!
        
        Orthodox Church had more control over primary schools
        
        Orthodox Church!
- - - - Largely drafted the emancipation edict
      - Gave 700,000 Poles land after the Polish Revolt of 1863