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SANKEY DIAGRAMS & PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES (PRIMARY ENERGY (energy…
SANKEY DIAGRAMS
&
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES
PRIMARY ENERGY
energy found in nature
has not been processed
Secondary energy is produced
energy stored in fuels
Natural gas
Solar energy
Coal
wind energy
Crude oil
:star:
SOURCES
:star:
:fire:
SOLAR POWER
:fire:
The nuclear fusion reactions in the Sun
is about 1000 (W/m^-2)
advantages
Free
Inexhaustible
High quality
clean (motpollute)
various uses
SOLAR PANELS
sunlight
directly heat water or air for heating in a house
a blackened surface below the glass
1 more item...
through
has
an advantage
cheaper than other sources of energy
disadvantages
they tend to be bulky
cover too much space
A solar heating panel to provide warm water to a house
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
sunlight
direct current (DC)
efficiency approaching 30%
on the cell
electrons
1 more item...
useful to
pump water in agriculture
power warning lights
power small remote villages
disadvantages
Low power output
Requires large areas
Affected by cloudy weather
Initial costs high
Works during the day only
which are
:champagne:
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
:champagne:
moving water masses
Hydroelectric power stations
massive changes in the ecology of the area surrounding the plants
PRINCIPLE
P =
p
Q
gh
Pumped storage system
energy
be supplied
other sources of electrical energy
off-peak times
cost of electricity is low
has
advantages
Inexhaustible
Clean
Free
disadvantages
Requires drastic changes to environment
Initial costs high
Very dependent on location
:warning:
NUCLEAR POWER
:warning:
A nuclear reactor
machine in which
nuclear fission reactions
take place
energy
neutrons
initiate the reaction
can be used to collide with other nuclei of uranium-235
CHAIN REACTION
a certain
minimum mass
of uranium-235 must be present
2 more items...
uranium-235
capture neutrons
the neutrons are not too fast
they must be
slowed down
they can initiate further reactions
through the collisions of the neutrons
1 more item...
A pressurized water reactor
has
ADVANTAGES
Large reserves of nuclear fuels
Nuclear power stations do not produce greenhouse gases
High power output
which are
DISADVANTAGES
Major public health hazard should something go wrong
Problems associated with uranium mining
Radioactive waste products difficult to dispose of
Possibility of producing materials for nuclear weapons
which are
:silhouettes:
WIND POWER
:silhouettes:
isolated small houses and agricultural use
wind turbines / generators
Small
Large
producing up to a few megawatts of power
disadvantages
Unattractive
The blades are susceptible to stresses in high winds and damage
metal fatigue
Affect some people's sleeping habits
low-frequency sounds
not efficient
can be converted into electricity
a theoretical maximum power
:recycle:
FOSSIL FUELS
:recycle:
such as
Coal
natural gas
Oil
the decomposition of buried animal and plant matter
the action of the high pressure of the material on top
bacteria
Coal
traditional way of producing electricity
energy
water into
steam
(in boilers)
a turbine to turn
the coils of a generator rotate in a magnetic field
creates electricity
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condenses the steam into liquid water
again be heated in the boilers
A coal-burning power plant
SANKEY DIAGRAM
arrow block diagram
energy flows
the width of the arrow
to the amount of energy being transferred
for example
The efficiency
e
= 35/100 = 35% or 0.35
e
= useful power / input power
is
that
for example
when processed,
are produced by
combined with
and
burning
is a
produces
that turns
forces
makes
hence
by
cold water
that can
is an
representing
is proportional
is produced by
is a
producing
in induced fission
is fuelled by
is useful for
is produced by
are capable of
due to
due to
have
which are
about 30% of it
is derived from
is generated by
are associated with
the
has
of
is given by
in a
requires
that has to
from
at
when
is obtained from
received by the Earth
has
which are
such as
collect
which is used to
then
which is
which are
converts
directly into
at an
incident
releases
and
are
for example
produced
which is called
for it to get going,
is called the
otherwise
will only
if
before
so
is achieved
with
then
which
extracted by
which can be done
is turned to
is then used to
finally
hence
is defined by
of this power plant is
