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Human Evolution (Skull (Sagittal Crest, Nuchal Crest, Foramen Magnum,…
Human Evolution
Skull
Sagittal Crest
Nuchal Crest
Foramen Magnum
Zygomatic Arch
Mandible
Pre Molars, Molars Teeth, Large Diastema
Prognathism
Brow Ridge
Cranium
Features of Primates
Forward Facing Eyes (Stereoscopic View- 3D)
Prehensile Digits (Capable of Grasping)
Nails instead of claws (Tactile & Manipulative)
Fingerprints (Sensitivity to touch)
Reduced Snout
Pentadactyl (5 digit fingers and toes)
Larger Brain to Body Size
Brain
Frontal Lobe: Larger (Abstract & Logical Thought, Imagination, Complex Language & Artistic Ability)
Broca's Area (Speech)
Wernicke's Area (Language Comprehension)
Cerebellum (Balancing & Coordination, Refined Motor Skills)
Brain Stem
Brain Size: Body Mass Ratio: Large- 1350cm3 Compared to Chimpanzee 400cm3
Higher Surface Area: Volume Ratio (Wrinkled & Folded)
Evidence
Mitochondrial DNA Eve (Maternal)
Artefacts (stone tools, spirituality objects)
Skeletal Features
Soil/Rock/Fossil (Radioactive Isotypic Dating- C, O, Climatic Data, Pollen Analysis)
Relics(Cave painting)
Y- Chromosome Adam (Paternal)
Primates
Prosimians
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
Great Apes (Hominidae-Hominids)
Gorilla
(Homininae- Hominines)
Chimpanzee
Bonobos
Humans (Hominini-Hominins)
Hands (Free to Move)
Hand Able to Perform Power/ Precision Grips
Fingers
Fingers Shorter and Straighter (Not required for Brachiation)
Finger prints (Sensitivity to Touch)
Thumb Fully Opposable (Longer Length, More Muscular & Mobile- Dextrous)
Wrist
Fully Rotate and Flex/ Extend at Wrist
Hominins (Modern & Extinct Humans)
Bipedal, Large Brain, Small Teeth
Homo ergaster 1.9-1.5mya
Extensive Savannah/ Seasonal, Habitually (Obligate) Bipedal, brain 600-910cm3, migratory, nasal region raised, Aechulean tool use
Homo erectus 1.9mya- 30,000 ya
Homo heidelbergensis 600,000-200,000ya
Africa and Northern Europe, Migratory, Habitually (Obligate) bipedal, brain 1280cm3, jaw parabolic shape, cannibalism observed in discovery of skull, African homos evolved into Homo species whereas Europe homos evolved into Homo neanderthals, More advanced Aechulean/Mousterian tool use
Homo neanderthals 350,000- 28,000ya
Homo sapiens 200,000- *
Bipedal, Small Brain, Large Teeth
Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4mya (Ardi)
Woodland, Facultative Bipedal/ Arboreal Lifestyle, Grasping Big Toe (Hallux), More prognathic, Generalised omnivore, brain 300-350cm3, NOT sexual dimorphic, jaw rectangular shape
Kenyanthropus platyops
Australopithecus africanus 3.3-2.1mya (Mrs Ples)
Woodland/Savannah, Habitually (Obligate) bipedal, mainly herbivore/omnivore, brain 420-625cm3, less prognathic, jaw rectangular shape
Homo habilis 2.4-1.6mya
Woodland/Savannah/Humid Environment, Habitually (Obligate) bipedal, non opposable big toe, brain 600-700cm3, rudimentary speech (endocranial bulge in Brocas area), omnivore, jaw rectangular shape, precision grip, Oldowan tool use
Australopithecus afarensis 3.7-2.9mya (Lucy)
Woodland/ Savannah, Mainly Bipedal/ Tree Climber, Foot Arch and Non opposable Big Toe, Mainly herbivore, brain 350-600cm3, Sexual dimorphic, jaw intermediate shape
Bipedal, Small Brain, Very Large Teeth
Paranthropus boisei 2.3-1.2mya (Zinj)
Paranthropus robustus
Cultural Evolution
Stone Tools
Oldowan 2.7-1.7mya
5-6 blows
Under Developed Tools to Scrape and Cut Different Foods (Not Planner or Time Consuming). Stone is Removed in Flakes
Acheulian ~1mya
~50 blows
Fully Shaped Stone Tools such as Cleavers and Hand Axes to Access Different Foods (Planned & Time Consuming)
Mousterian 600,000- 40,000 ya
~150 blows
Fully Shaped Stone Tools with Well Worked Edges such as Hand Axes Made from other Developed Tools (Planned & Time Consuming). Levallois Method allowing Stone to be Removed in Flakes and then Fine Tuned using Hammer & Chisel
Upper Paleolithic 50,000 ya
250 blows
Combination of Stone, Wood, Ivory, Antler etc to a Fine Detail. May Incorporate Components. Blades, Arrow heads, Spears, Sewing needles (Planned & Time Consuming)
Fire
Cooking Food- Efficient Digestion Increase Available Nutrients and Energy- Less Time Consuming/ Brain Size Increase
Social Gathering
Communication
Planning
Experimentation
Sharing of Household Tasks
Exploration
Tool Making
Art
Larger Families
Nomadic Hunter- Gatherer Lifestyle
Settled Lifestyle
Domestication of Animals
Art
Symbolic & Spirituality (Fertility Symbols & Death Rituals)
Communication (incl Planning)
Language
Speech
Story Telling
Mythology
Adornment
Locomotion
Bipedalism (Upright Due to Position at Centre of Gravity)
Ribcage
Barrel Shaped Chest
Feet
Longitudinal Arches
Robustness of Heel
Non Opposable Hallux (Big Toe)
Long Toes Straighter and Shorter
Skull
Foramen Magnum
Vertical Position
Nuchal Crest
Size of Femoral Head
Skull
Spine (Double S Shape)
Pelvis
Shorter and Tilts Forward
Bowl Like
Obstetrical Dilemma: Size of Pelvic Inlet in Contrast to Baby's Head Causing Difficulties During Childbirth
Femur
Shaft of Femur Angled so Knee Joint Closer to Midline than Hips (Valgus or Bicondylar Angle)
Head of Femur Large
Knee
Buttressed Knee Joint (Outer Condyle Larger than Inner)
Arms
Swing Freely from Side to Side
Body Hair
Less Body Hair (Thermoregulation)
Hands
Free to Move
Carrying Tools/ Weapons (Improve Foraging)
Eyes
Forward Facing and High due to Upright Stance (Predator Avoidance)
Quadrupedal
Knuckle Walking (Gorilla, Chimpanzees, Bonobos)
Brachiation- Arboreal Tree Living (Most Other Primates)
Dispersal
Out of Africa Model
Multi Regional Model
HOMINID:
All modern & extinct GREAT apes (gorillas, chimps, orangutans, & humans- not GIBBONS)